Relations between Turkey and Syria have been established since early times, considering them a neighboring country, and Turkey was interested in strengthening relations with them. However, many factors influenced the nature of these relations. Since the declaration of the Turkish Republic in 1923 by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, he began to consolidate the principle of “isolationism” in Turkey’s foreign policy towards the Arab world, and a complete openness to the West. During the reign of his successor, Ismet Inonu, Turkish-Syrian relations entered a major historical turning point with the annexation of the Alexandretta Sanjak to Turkish territory. This was the beginning of a long period of tense relations between them. Other common issues contributed to increasing tension and, at some stages, reaching the point of conflict. These main issues of influence can be summarized in three: “the Alexandretta Sanjak issue, the shared water issue, and the Kurdish issue.” These relations continued between tension and disagreements until 1998, when the Adana Agreement was signed between the two sides. It constituted a turning point in relations towards progress and development until the outbreak of the Syrian revolution in 2011, when Turkey stood by the Syrian people in freedom. and obtaining their legitimate rights, which has reignited the conflict with the Syrian government. Therefore, this research examines the historical context of Turkish-Syrian relations, the factors that have influenced the nature of these relations, and presents a future vision that serves the interests of both countries and peoples.

This study examines mediation as a mechanism for achieving criminal reconciliation, considering it one of the most important alternative means for resolving criminal disputes. It is characterized by its effectiveness and efficiency in establishing restorative justice, based on reforming the offender, redressing damages, and compensating the victim.

This study highlights the precise concept and nature of the criminal mediation system, as well as the methods by which criminal reconciliation can be achieved. It also highlights its importance in bringing the parties together to reach an amicable solution that ends criminal disputes. It also examines the extent to which this mechanism has been adopted by various criminal legislations as an effective mechanism for achieving reconciliation and harmony in societies.

Intellectual property, or intellectual property rights, are personal moral rights. Any violation or infringement of these rights constitutes a civil wrong and a misdemeanor in its criminal form. The forms of violation vary, but they all share the commonality of causing harm to the owner.

Because intellectual property rights are of great importance, all legislation has sought to protect them and address the types and forms of violation, whether through international agreements and treaties or domestic laws related to this right. All of these mechanisms are established and utilized for prior protection through the enactment of laws prohibiting and criminalizing violations, or through compensating the injured party after the violation of their right is proven and the aggressor and violator are held accountable. Furthermore, certain administrative mechanisms exist, such as national institutes for the protection of intellectual property rights, copyright, and related rights, or through certain state-affiliated administrative agencies.

The study aimed to identify the level of psychological flow among a sample of volunteers of the Accidents Street Initiative in Wad Madani, Al-Jazeera State, Republic of Sudan. It also aimed to study the differences in the level of psychological adjustment among volunteers according to the variables of (gender) and (period of joining the initiative). The study followed the descriptive analytical approach using the Psychological Flow Scale prepared by (Jackson and Marsh, 1996) after modifying it to be consistent with the objectives of the study as a tool for data collection. It was then applied to a sample of (96) volunteers in the initiative who were selected intentionally. The study data were then analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) program. The study reached the following results: The level of psychological flow among the members of the Accidents Street Initiative in Wad Madani is high, and there are no statistically significant differences in the level of psychological flow attributed to the type of volunteer. However, the results showed the presence of statistically significant differences in the level of psychological flow among volunteers attributed to the period of joining the initiative in favor of the category of (4 years and above). The study recommended activating the role of volunteering and establishing a culture of volunteering in society.

The current research aimed to shed light on the flipped classroom strategy in the education system, as a new technological innovation and one of the approaches to blended learning based on integrating traditional face-to-face education with distance learning and technological e-learning.

This strategy has many different forms, images, educational dimensions, and teaching models. The research also addressed the educational objectives behind the use and application of the flipped classroom strategy in teaching, and the educational benefits it offers to teachers in pre-university and university education, by presenting the steps for teaching the flipped classroom strategy in education.

The research also addressed the educational benefits of implementing the flipped classroom strategy for students at various educational levels. The research concluded with some challenges facing the implementation of the flipped classroom strategy, and recommendations and proposals for addressing these challenges in pre-university and university teaching.

singularly perturbed equations with a parameter. By letting the perturbation parameter tends to zero, such an equation is formally reduced to a scalar difference equation. Local stability analysis of fixed points is investigated. The method of steps is used to discretize the system. Moreover, Numerical simulations including Lyapunov exponent, bifurcation and chaos is carried out to confirm the theoretical analysis obtained to explore more complex dynamic of the system

 schools in the world use virtual education and its various tools. Jordan was one of the countries that responded rapidly to implement this type of education as an alternative and complementary at the same time to traditional education. This study seeks to reveal the perceptions of teachers in Bani Kenana District schools regarding the challenges they face when using the electronic platforms (Zoom, Darsak, Microsoft Teams, Skype). The data was collected by distributing an electronic questionnaire to (922) teachers. The findings of the study indicated that there are considerable problems that prevent teachers from employing virtual platforms in Jordanian schools.

The objective of this study is to  trace the course of how British English differs from American English. That is, in comparing two varieties of a language, it is convenient to take one as the basis for comparison and to describe the other by contrast with it. The researcher will select about (100 words) that the two verities are mostly different in spelling them.  This study takes American as its basis and describes British in relation to that basis(John Algeo,2006).The  results and conclusion of this paper  revealed that  American has more native speakers than British and is rapidly becoming the dominant form of English in non-native countries other perhaps than those of Western Europe. Much European established academic bias favors British as a model; but evolving popular culture is biased toward American. This widespread dissemination of the American variety makes it a reasonable basis for describing British.

COVID-19 pandemisin yayılması, küresel ve bölgesel olarak ekonomi piyasalarını şiddetli bir biçimde etkilemektedir. Son dönemde Avrupa ülkeleri başta olmak üzere birçok ülkede ve ekonomik toplulukta başta üretim sektörü, havacılık sektörü, borsalar, sermaye hareketliliği, faizler ve birçok ekonomik değişkenler tümüyle etkilendi. Dünya ekonomik daralmaya devam ederken 2020 yılını bir önceki yıla kıyasla 6,8’lik bir küçülme ile kapattı. Dünya devletleri, bu dönemde daha önce görülmemiş tedbirler alarak COVID-19 krizinin ekonominin geneli ve işgücü piyasası üzerindeki zararlı etkilerini hafifletmeye çalışmaktadırlar. Ülkeden ülkeye farklılaşabilmekle beraber, vatandaşlara devlet yardımları ve destekleri görülmektedir. Küçülen bir ekonomiyi düzeltmek için olmasa da can suyu niteliği taşımaktadır. Dünyanın en büyük ekonomik bloklarından biri olan Avrupa Birliği, Covid-19 pandemisine hazırlıksız yakalandığı bir gerçektir. Dünya genelinde yaşanan iktisadi sorunları Covid-19 ile birlikte büyük bir iktisadi krize dönüşmüştür, bir çok devlet halkına ve esnafına ilk anda yardım sağlayamaması, vatandaşların hayatta kalma mücadelesine en ağır darbeyi vurmuştur. Bir bölgesel ekonomik topluluk olan AB, Covid-19 pandemi krizinde çözünme süreci baş göstermiştir. Çin hariç neredeyse tüm ülkeler ekonomik olarak küçülmüş ve ticaret durma noktasına gelmiştir.

Volterra-Stieltjes integral operators and Volterra-Stieltjes integral equations have been studied (see [1]-[9]). The coupled system of integral equations have been studied, recently, by some authors (see [11]-[13]). Our aim here is to study the existence of at least one solution for a coupled system of nonlinear functional integral equations of Volterra-Stieltjes type in the space of continuous functions. The main tool utilized in our considerations is the technique associated with the Schauder fixed point theorem.

Despite the significant development and growth of Islamic banking worldwide, particularly in Islamic countries, and the development of its financial products that comply with the provisions of Islamic Sharia, it still faces significant challenges, both externally and internally, that could impact its spread and product development.

Therefore, it is necessary to deepen the cognitive dimension of Islamic banking in order to convey its ethical and economic principles at the same pace as it grows and expands to capture new markets. Hence, the need to develop appropriate strategies to spread awareness of Islamic banking and deepen trust in its institutions. This is achieved through the cooperation of relevant authorities and institutions that have a direct impact on society, particularly the media.

This study aims to answer the following main question: Do media institutions have a role in spreading the culture of Islamic banking?

The study aimed to identify the causes and effects of poverty in urban communities, present the characteristics and determinants of poverty, and conduct a detailed study of the situation of the poor in the study area to identify the most important strengths and factors that contribute to its enhancement and sensitize officials to the urgent need to address and reduce poverty. The researcher used several approaches in the study, including: the historical approach to study the historical developments of poverty in the study area and link it to natural and human phenomena, as well as the analytical and experimental approach. The study reached several results, the most important of which are: There is a close link between poverty and crime, especially thefts. Also, the continuation of dry years in the western regions of the state contributed to the population's migration to cities and the increase in the severity of poverty due to farmers and herders losing their sources of income. The study also reached several recommendations, the most important of which are: setting a minimum wage and salaries for workers to reduce the severity of poverty. Amending the educational curriculum, which has entrenched the marginalization of rural work, especially agricultural work, which encourages reverse migration to cities and employment in daily jobs for low wages.

The study relied on addressing the most important obstacles that stood in the way of achieving the most important goals of sustainable agricultural development in the study area (Semelle District), which is self-sufficiency, by raising the economic income of the region in addition to raising the per capita share. This is achieved by increasing the cultivated areas, thus increasing productivity. The greater goal is also to guarantee the right of future generations. The study area suffers from a deterioration in the agricultural sector, although agriculture is considered one of the important economic sectors and the first and main income for the population in the study area. Despite the presence of many problems and obstacles that hinder the development of this sector, the concentration of agriculture in the Semelle District depends on the limited areas planted with summer crops and the scarcity of irrigation water in the region, which depends on well water mainly for drinking, irrigation and other uses if the groundwater level decreases during this season, while the winter seasons are planted in large areas and the diversity of crops and the two main crops, wheat and barley, depend on rainwater, as the cultivated areas and their productivity decline annually due to these obstacles, which are divided into two parts: natural (climate change, harmful plants, agricultural pests). And human resources represented by (increasing population density, water resources, lack of agricultural supplies, obstacles to the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers, labor, transportation and agricultural marketing, agricultural policies, and weak agricultural guidance).

This research aims, on the one hand, to demonstrate that migration is a human phenomenon linked to societies, known to the world with the ancient civilizations of the Pharaohs, the Greeks, and the Romans, before it was based on humanitarian and religious considerations in the present time. On the other hand, the latter contributed to the development of the Earth, and it plays an important role in the convergence of a human group with diverse cultures, and in building a common human civilization. On the third hand, people today migrate for various reasons, particularly the economic factor, which raises the issue of guaranteeing their rights as human beings first, and then as immigrants forced by circumstances to leave their homeland and place of residence. Migration is a historical phenomenon that contributed to the development of the Earth, and it plays an important role in the convergence of a human group with diverse cultures, and in building a common human civilization. However, people today migrate for various reasons, particularly the economic factor.

This study is entitled “Al-Asma’i as a Narrator of the Language in His Travels between the Desert and Marbad Basra.” This study aims to demonstrate the greatest role played by Al-Asma’i in narrating the language. To achieve this goal, the study followed the descriptive and analytical approach because it is the most appropriate for such studies. Through the presentation and discussion, the study reached several results, the most important of which is that the Arabic language would not have remained with such eloquence, rhetoric, and integrity without the great effort made by Al-Asma’i and other narrators in different eras. In the guidance of those early narrators, new controls can be found in the documentation that preserve the continuity of the language, which is eloquent and articulate throughout the ages.

The study addressed the music of sounds in Arabic poetry, adopting a descriptive and analytical approach to explore the depths of sound manifestations and reveal their musical chimes. It utilized a number of terms, including poetic rhyme, antithesis, alliteration, parallelism, assonance, zihāf and ʿillah, repetition, rhyme, poetic purposes, lazūm ma la yalāzum, ʿifd, and inshād. It also provided comprehensive models that reviewed various aspects of rhythm.

The study yielded important results: The music of Arabic vocals is influenced by and interacts with many tools—some rhetorical, others prosodic, linguistic, and morphological. The musicality of vocal timbre varies according to its formulation in poetry and prose. Rhetorical juxtaposition is considered one of the best types of repetition. In both poetry and prose, the music of vocal delivery is influenced by psychological factors. Furthermore, the poet's choices follow his psychological and emotional inclinations. This brings the study of vocal music into the realm of medical studies—particularly those concerned with the brain, nerves, and psychology.

Researchers have proposed incorporating vocal studies into psychological studies, utilizing modern audio lab technology. They also recommend applying the study to both poetry and prose.

Lexicographical thought, both ancient and modern, has been influenced by the semantic field theory because semantic fields are the main pillar upon which the idea of lexical construction is based. Therefore, this study aims to demonstrate the importance of semantic field theory in lexical work. The study aimed to define semantic field theory scientifically and link this definition to the applied aspect followed in lexical composition to understand the internal relationships that connect words within the semantic field. To address this semantic aspect within the realm of lexicography, the study followed the descriptive-analytical approach, which suits the nature of the study, which combined the scientific and applied aspects. Through this combination, the study reached several results, most notably: The semantic field theory controls and organizes vocabulary according to the internal relationships that bring these words together. The study was supplemented with applied aspects from the book "Al-Matar" by Abu Zayd Al-Ansari. These applied aspects reflected the extent to which Arabs employed the semantic field theory in their lexical efforts.

Scientific research is the essence of science, and we cannot progress without this cumulative and critical process. In order to produce scientific knowledge based on sound research foundations and pedagogical skills capable of developing teaching and field research mechanisms, scientific research teams must acquire all theoretical and field methodological techniques. Critical thinking reflected within the pedagogical and methodological process itself is capable of achieving a qualitative leap towards quality practice, developing researchers' competence in understanding the vast amount of social and cultural differences within the research community, and attempting to upgrade research traditions in our societies. A sound reading of the relationship between the researcher, the researched, and the research topic is an important step towards serious scientific and cultural writing, documenting scientific efforts for sound knowledge that can be relied upon in all areas of life.

This paper aims to understand the reality of the libraries of the University of West Kordofan, in terms of their buildings, equipment, and furnishings. This is due to the importance of library buildings and equipment in achieving the university's goals of education, scientific research, and community service. To this end, the researcher reviewed studies that addressed the topic and adopted some concepts to formulate the theoretical aspect. A descriptive approach was used to describe and analyze the reality of the libraries of the University of West Kordofan, in terms of their origins, objectives, buildings, furniture, and equipment. A questionnaire was used to answer the research questions and test its hypotheses. The research results showed that the location of the library buildings studied is easy to access, but close to noisy areas. Most of the university's colleges do not have private libraries, and the existing reading room is narrow. There are no designated spaces or equipment for people with special needs.

The paper recommends that the university's senior administration be aware that achieving its educational and research goals and functions depends on the development of its library buildings, equipment, and collections. Therefore, attention should be paid to these matters, and faculty and departmental libraries should be established whenever possible. In the event of a limited budget, library administrations should appeal to the nation's loyal citizens to help build and equip libraries commensurate with the number of students. When considering building libraries, careful planning is required, utilizing experts in all fields related to libraries, adhering to international standards, and taking future considerations into account. Attention should also be paid to equipping those with special needs.

The research aimed to identify the level of implementation of academic accreditation and quality assurance standards at the College of Education, Dhamar University, from the perspective of its faculty members. To achieve this, the researcher used a descriptive and analytical approach. A questionnaire was designed according to the first-level academic accreditation and quality assurance standards for higher education in the Republic of Yemen. The number of indicators reached (88), distributed across the five approved standards. The research population and sample comprised (136) individuals, representing all faculty members and their assistants at the college. A survey sample of (20) individuals was taken, resulting in a total of (116) individuals to whom the research instrument was distributed, of whom (76) responded. After using appropriate statistical methods, the research reached a number of results, the most important of which are:

The level of implementation of academic accreditation and quality assurance standards at the College of Education, Dhamar University, from the perspective of its faculty members as a whole, was average, and there were no statistically significant differences between the responses of sample members attributable to the research variables (specialization, academic degree, and years of experience).

In light of the findings, the researcher presented a set of recommendations and proposals aimed at raising the level of application of academic accreditation and quality assurance standards to the highest levels, and adding specific standards for the College of Education to ensure academic quality and the fulfillment of its educational duties with distinction and competence.

The current study aims to verify the impact of using both social networks and e-platforms as a collaborative learning strategy in university teaching. It also aims to compare the significance of differences between the use of e-learning platforms depending on the platform type (open versus closed), and the significance of differences between the use of e-learning platforms depending on the academic level (sixth through eighth). The study sample consisted of 204 female students, divided into four groups: one group using Blackboard and another group using Twitter. A scale was developed and applied to measure the student's experience with the educational platform (Blackboard/Twitter).

The results showed that the use of social networks (Twitter) as a collaborative learning strategy in university teaching represents a platform that is: (communicative, easy to use, collaborative, and educational), respectively. The results also showed that the use of e-platforms (Blackboard) as a collaborative learning strategy in university teaching represents a platform that is: (educational, collaborative, communicative, and easy to use), respectively. The results showed a statistically significant difference in the use of e-learning platforms depending on the platform type (open or closed), in favor of using Twitter as a collaborative, communicative learning strategy. The results concluded that there were no statistically significant differences between sixth-grade female students and eighth-grade female students in the use of e-learning platforms depending on the academic level (sixth-eighth), whether using Twitter or Blackboard. The study recommended focusing on the use of closed and open e-learning platforms as a collaborative, communicative learning strategy in university teaching.

University libraries live in an era of technological advancement, also known as gateways, which allows users to transition from an information society to a knowledge society. This has imposed on information institutions the importance of transformation to keep pace with this technological revolution, which is inevitable under the current circumstances. This is achieved by developing information services, which provide an attractive reading environment for readers and scientific research. The current study sheds light on the impact of technological development on information services from the perspective of university library workers in the states of Kordofan and Darfur. This research paper aims to demonstrate that the introduction of information and communication technology into university library services creates an attractive reading environment for study and scientific research, which contributes to the development of researchers' reading and research skills. The importance of the study lies in its shedding light on the most important changes witnessed by libraries, clarifying the motives and causes of these changes, and the resulting effects in providing attractive information services to researchers. The problem of the study is represented in the following main question: What are the implications of employing information technology on information services in university libraries? And what are the ways to develop the profession in this space? The study used the descriptive approach to present and define the basic concepts of the study topic. The survey approach was used to study a sample of library and information specialists and a random sample of researchers in university libraries in the states of Kordofan and Darfur. A questionnaire was used and analyzed using the SPSS statistical program. The study came out with many results and recommendations, the most prominent of which are the figures in the table showing the satisfaction achieved by the inevitability of technological development at a rate of (40.35%), which confirms the necessity of transforming to providing electronic information services to researchers imposed by the rapid technological developments. The percentage of the possibility of transforming to electronic library services - supporting the availability and access to scientific information - reached (32%), which is a high percentage compared to the researched category. The most important recommendations reached by the study: setting the necessary national standards and policies that would oblige university libraries to keep pace with the technological revolution, which would positively reflect on the form of services, the reading environment, and serious scientific research.

This study examined the role of productive family projects in alleviating poverty in Port Sudan, Sudan, applying it to the Family Bank's Port Sudan branch during the period (2014-2017). The study aimed to examine the bank's role in financing productive family projects, highlighting the projects it financed and the bank's project implementation policies, the bank's role in projects targeting women, the extent to which these projects achieved success, and the challenges the bank faced in financing them. The researcher used a descriptive, analytical, and statistical approach. Data for the study was collected through primary sources, including questionnaires, interviews, and observation, in addition to secondary sources, including books, dissertations, and reports.

The study reached several conclusions, the most important of which is that the bank finances all economically active individuals. There is a priority in financing productive projects. The bank relies on feasibility studies and field visits to implement its policies. The projects have contributed to increasing household income. However, the projects face challenges related to natural factors, family circumstances, the lack of experience and training for financiers, marketing, and bank procedures. The bank does not discriminate between males and females in implementing its procedures. The study concluded with a number of recommendations, the most important of which are increasing the financing amount and repayment period, reducing the profit margin, facilitating and accelerating financing procedures, focusing on training project beneficiaries in project management, reviewing the method by which women are financed, and developing a financing plan for families outside Port Sudan.

This research is titled "Lowering the Gaze." I followed an inductive and deductive approach. During this research, I discovered that the pure Islamic Sharia has blocked all the means that lead to committing sins. For this reason, the command came to lower the gaze and the prohibition of looking at private parts. The private parts of a man are between the navel and the knee, and the entire body of a woman is private and no stranger may look at it. Mahrams look at what is usually visible of women, such as the face, hands, neck and feet. The suitor looks at the woman’s face and hands, but the husband looks at the entire body of his wife and there is no private part between them, and his wife looks at him as well. The husband looks at his stepdaughter as he looks at his own daughter, and the doctor looks at the woman as much as necessary and no more, and so does the female doctor. Men wash as men and women wash as women, and the washer does not look at the most private parts or touch them.

Mending broken hearts and soothing hearts is an act of worship and divine legislation that the Holy Quran has addressed in many surahs. Among the greatest surahs that address mending broken hearts are Surat Ad-Duha, Surat Ash-Sharh, and Surat Al-Kawthar, which were revealed to mend the feelings of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him). Surat Abasa was also revealed to mend the feelings of Abdullah ibn Umm Maktum. The Quran also addresses mending the feelings of prophets and messengers, as well as others, such as Adam, Abraham, Moses, Joseph, Jesus, Mary, and Moses' mother. The pure Prophetic Sunnah also contains many texts that urge mending broken hearts and encouraging the soothing of hearts, highlighting the virtue of this act of worship and the great reward of those who practice it, due to its positive impact on the nation. Given the neglect of many people of this great act of worship and the nation's need to revive it, this research of mine, entitled "Mending Broken Hearts and Soothing Hearts: Divine Legislation and Moral Etiquette," serves as a reminder, based on the words of God Almighty: [Adh-Dhariyat: 55] And remind, for indeed, the reminder benefits the believers.