The study addressed educational responsibility and family building, given the family's significant role in the socialization process and the repercussions that cast a shadow over society. In light of the challenges facing the family community that hinder the proper upbringing of its members in a manner acceptable to society, the study aimed to emphasize the role of the family in socialization in light of the challenges of contemporary society, identify the most important factors influencing it, and identify the pillars that support the family in achieving its effective role in the socialization process. In addition, it analyzed the most important societal challenges affecting the family's role in the socialization process. The study identified the necessary requirements to activate the family's role in the socialization process, which consisted of exploiting positive aspects in confronting problems, promoting moral values in building the family, and adhering to sound religious education that seeks to awaken the collective mind to preserve the entity of society, and realizing that building the family lies in building society.

This study aims to design an electronic circuit to alert in the event of a leakage or an increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) level using sensor (MQ-5) system. The second purpose of this system is to use it for fire protection where it is performed and then warns of an alarm buzzer around it and sends three warning text messages to remote locations using the mobile network.  Arduino was programmed to carry out this work after writing and storing a micro C program within the Arduino unit and it is work successfully.

Phalaris minor (L.) Retz is one of the most resistant weeds to chemical herbicides in wheat and barley crops in many countries worldwide. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the possibility of using the raw powder of Cyclamen rohlfsianum (tubers-leaves) added to the soil at concentrations of (2, 4, 6%) as a bioherbicide for canary grass associated with wheat and barley crops. The results showed that Cyclamen is not suitable as a herbicide for canary grass because it has a highly toxic allelopathic activity against the growth of wheat and barley plants, as evidenced by the overall decrease in the percentage of seedling emergence, seedling lengths, fresh and dry weights of seedlings, and chlorophyll (a, b) concentrations, as well as a decrease in potassium, iron, and sodium ions. The tubers recorded the greatest percentage of decrease in the studied traits, and the highest concentrations were the most toxic. The study concluded that frankincense possesses allelopathic compounds that inhibited the growth of wheat, barley, and canary grass seedlings.

The study of the distribution of educational services is the basis for studying spatial justice in the provision of these services, and planning to achieve this justice through proper spatial organization, based on a sound understanding of the characteristics of places that distinguish them from one another in terms of conditions and needs.

The concepts of organization, planning, and spatial distribution are sometimes used interchangeably and sometimes incorrectly by some researchers. This paper aims to clarify the relationship between the concepts of spatial distribution, spatial organization, and spatial planning, with the aim of achieving a just distribution of educational services, and thus achieving educational justice across different locations.

In this research, the researcher examines the concept of 'illah (reason) among the scholars of Usul al-Fiqh (the principles of jurisprudence), its categories, and its impact on Islamic rulings. He then examines related terms, such as "reason," "condition," "purpose," and other terms in Usul al-Fiqh and jurisprudence that are similar to "illah" among jurists and Usul al-Fiqh scholars. Therefore, the researcher attempts to uncover the ambiguity surrounding these terms and the extent of their impact on the understanding of Islamic rulings and texts among some jurists and Usul al-Fiqh scholars.

The research aims to clarify the importance of 'illah (reason) and its position in the science of Usul al-Fiqh and among Usul al-Fiqh scholars, as Islamic rulings cannot be derived except after a clear, precise, and explicit description of the cause and its existence. Indeed, 'illah (reason) is a pillar of analogy (qiyas), which is considered one of the most important sources of legislation in Islamic law and one of the agreed-upon pieces of evidence.

The researcher then concludes the research with a conclusion, arriving at a number of findings and recommendations, including:

Results: Cause and reason are two different terms in terms of rulings and meanings among Usul al-Fiqh scholars.
Recommendation: Distinguish between jurisprudential and Usul al-Fiqh terms in Islamic rulings.

This study highlights the role of the Qur’anic discourse on moderation in worship, which is the foundation of Islam. The study required knowing the linguistic and technical meaning of moderation and worship, and the evidence from the Holy Qur’an on that, with an explanation of the significance of these verses through interpretations. It highlighted the moderation of specific worship in: (prayer, zakat, fasting, and Hajj). This moderation appeared through moderation and balance in all previous acts of worship, neither exaggeration nor exaggeration, nor negligence nor laxity, nor excess nor neglect. This was made clear through examples and models accompanied by evidence from the Holy Qur’an.

The research was carried out in Hadhramaut Governorate, Ghayl Ba Wazir District, during the period from 3/1/2023 to 5/3/2023 AD to study the effect of spraying periods with baker's yeast extract on some growth characteristics of seedlings of two hybrid pepper varieties, namely Kaveri (sweet) and Royal Hot (hot). The seedlings were planted in plastic bags, in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replicates and four spraying periods (no spraying, every week, two weeks, three weeks). The results showed the response of the two cultivars to yeast spraying. Spraying the seedlings of the Caviri (Sweet) cultivar with yeast extract gave the best stem and root length, number of leaves, fresh and dry stem weight, with significant differences from the Royal Hot cultivar. Meanwhile, the two-week spraying period gave the best results in stem length and fresh root weight, while the highest root length and fresh stem weight were at the three-week spraying period. The interaction between the three-week spraying period and the Caviri (Sweet) cultivar was superior in root and stem length and fresh weight.

This research aims to study the risks of the Murabaha formula for the purchase orderer, or called banking Murabaha. The research included the legal foundations of the banking Murabaha formula, then its applications in agricultural financing that are compatible with Islamic Sharia. Finally, the research identified, identified, and analyzed the most important risks that this formula carries when applied to financing agricultural economic activities, and how banks that wish to apply this formula in agricultural financing can manage the risks of this formula, through the use of the descriptive and inductive approach. The research concluded that this formula can be applied to financing agricultural economic activities, and was able to analyze the risks of agricultural financing with this formula, which is the most widespread in financing most economic activities. It also concluded with a set of measures and procedures that enable agricultural banks to reduce their risks when using this formula in agricultural financing.

The study aimed to identify the most important educational and social problems facing Arabic language learners in Ghana, with the city of Fereh as a model, and to arrive at the most appropriate solutions to these problems. The study used a descriptive and analytical approach to identify the most important educational and social problems facing Arabic language learners in Ghana, with the city of Fereh as a model, from the perspective of the students themselves. The study administered a questionnaire designed by the researcher to a random sample of (28) male and female Arabic language learners in the city of Fereh.

The study revealed that the most important educational problems facing Arabic language learners in Ghana, with the city of Fereh, are, in order: the weak use of Arabic as a means of communication at home, the weak use of Arabic as a means of communication at school, the weak use of Arabic as a means of communication in society, the weak use of Arabic by students and teachers, the weak communication of teachers with students in Arabic, the lack of encouragement from teachers to students to speak Arabic, and the weak level of students' speaking skills. Students understand what they read at an average level but are weak in speaking it.

The study revealed that the most significant social problems facing Arabic learners in Ghana, including the city of Freetown, are the lack of Arabic language experts in student communities, and the communities' prioritization of English over Arabic in terms of appreciation, respect, and attention. This leads to students' low self-esteem, interest, and passion for learning it.

The study also showed that there were no statistically significant differences between the responses of the study sample members attributed to gender.

There were no statistically significant differences between the responses of the study sample members attributed to the semester variable.

There were no statistically significant differences between the responses of the study sample members attributed to the number of years of Arabic language study for the study sample members.

The study aimed to examine the phenomenon of poverty in terms of its causes and effects in Port Sudan and to identify important mechanisms for alleviating poverty in the study area.

The researcher used a behavioral and descriptive approach in this study, as well as simple statistical methods. Information was collected using various methods, most notably direct observation, personal interviews, and questionnaires, in addition to secondary sources such as books, papers, reports, and periodicals.

The study revealed that poor economic and political systems, widespread financial corruption, and the absence of sound policies are among the most important causes of poverty in the region. The study also found that the spread of homelessness, begging, and family disintegration are among the most significant effects of poverty in the region. The study concluded that solidarity in all its forms, encouraging national and foreign investment, and a shift toward the sea are among the most important mechanisms for combating poverty in the region. The study recommends the need to focus on education, skill and capacity development, and women's empowerment to combat poverty in the region.

The study aimed to identify the reality of transformation in Palestinian private universities. A questionnaire was used as a data collection tool. The study population consisted of 232 employees. The stratified random sample size was determined, consisting of 150 employees, divided into 100 from Al-Isra University and 50 from Gaza University. (147) questionnaires were returned, representing 98% of the total. The data were analyzed using the SPSS statistical analysis program, and a descriptive analytical approach was employed.

The results showed: The study results indicated the presence of an infrastructure for digital transformation, with a relative weight of (82.26), a significant percentage; the presence of the necessary human and organizational resources for digital transformation, with a relative weight of (81.65), a significant percentage; and the presence of support from senior management for digital transformation, with a relative weight of (80.70), a significant percentage.

In light of the findings, the study recommends: The study recommends that the university administration devote adequate time to digital transformation efforts in all university transactions, that additional copies of the university's electronic information be kept in secure locations, and that senior management ensure that they keep abreast of technological developments in the field of computers.

This article addresses the topic of national identity in exile writings, defining its dimensions, determinants, and types. This study aims to demonstrate the suffering of many writers and authors who lived in exile, struggling with their national identity. Their distance from their homeland prompted them to express their religious, historical, and cultural affiliation to the homeland. Their pens expressed their suffering and feelings toward the most important component of the nation, namely national identity, in order to prove their civilizational belonging to it. Keywords: dimensions, national identity, writing, exile.

Sign language is one of the most important ways of communication for deaf children, and one of the most important bridges that connect them to their families, society and surrounding environment. Because sign language has a prominent role in the life of deaf and hard-of-hearing children, and because parents have great importance in raising and developing the child’s communication skills, the researcher conducted this study, which aims to know the nature of the attitudes of parents of some deaf and hard-of-hearing children towards sign language, with a sample of (150) fathers and mothers, using the descriptive analytical approach, and using the questionnaire as a tool for scientific research, and using a number of statistical methods, namely the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, percentage and relative weight, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient, Gutman’s reliability coefficient, and the (t) test. The results indicated that the attitudes of parents towards sign language were very positive and to a large extent, and also indicated the presence of statistically significant differences in the degree of response of sample members to the questionnaire items, which are attributed to the gender variable in favor of females.

The concept of production in Islamic economics expands to include the production of various useful and legitimate goods and services that benefit all beings, in accordance with the rules of Islamic law and the economic principles that are compatible with it. Production is considered the foundation of all economic activity. There is no room to discuss consumption, distribution, or exchange without explaining the theory of production, considering all the previous stages as subordinate to the production process. Therefore, in this article, we will attempt to define production in Islamic economics, its rules, its elements, priorities, and its impact on development.

Simile is an art form of the Arabic language, lending eloquence to speech and adding magnificence and beauty to a text. It brings hidden meanings to concreteness and clarity, brings the distant closer to the near, and enhances meanings with beauty and excellence, increasing their elevation and clarity. It has significant benefits, including clarifying the intended general meaning, brevity, and conciseness. It also brings about familiarity and clarity. Its aspects are diverse, its scope is broad, its course subtle, and its path obscure.

Simile has several purposes. The speaker may intend it to praise, blame, clarify, or explain. Part of the eloquence of speech is that the simile is better in praise and worse in blame. This makes the speech more eloquent. A simile is praiseworthy if it serves a purpose in the speech. However, if it does not, there is no need for it, as it is redundant or prolix, which is reprehensible in the language. Similes are a form of eloquent expression. Scholars, both ancient and modern, have paid attention to them, tracing their use in the Qur'an and Arabic speech.

The researcher examined the similes of the world and the evil scholars and preachers in these sermons. It is well known that the sermons of the prophets rank third after the Holy Qur'an and the pure Prophetic Sunnah, except for those mentioned in the authentic Prophetic Sunnah, which rank second after the Holy Qur'an. The researcher discussed asceticism, piety, and warnings against the world in Islam. This was done by examining the true nature of asceticism, piety, and warnings against the world in Islam by examining the semantic value of similes, clarifying their purposes, and explaining their semantic value in the similes of the world to evil scholars and preachers in the sermons of the prophets.

Contexts of Youth Reluctance to Marry in Urban Settlements: Kassala City in Eastern Sudan as a Model - A Survey Study

This study of contexts of youth reluctance to marry in urban settlements: Kassala City in Eastern Sudan as a Model - is a survey study. Its aim is to identify and shed light on the contexts driving youth reluctance to marry in the study community. It also aims to identify the reality, implications, and variables contributing to youth reluctance to marry. The study utilized a number of internationally recognized approaches, including the descriptive and analytical approach, in addition to the case study approach. The study also relied on the deductive approach and the inductive approach. Data collection methods included books, references, research, scientific papers, and scientific bulletins that addressed the topic, as well as reports and periodicals related to the study topic. The conclusion is the results obtained regarding youth reluctance to marry. These contexts, causes, and consequences are multiple, and some are causal, some of which are due to factors leading to others. This constitutes a vicious circle. The economic factor is the major factor in youth reluctance, indicators of which include establishing a home and high prices. Dowries, whose indicators appear to be intertwined with a number of supporting factors that interact with each other in the process of young people’s reluctance to marry, and there is a consensus that the reasons for young people’s reluctance to marry are due to the following: exaggeration in dowries, lack of decent housing, the high economics of marriage itself, and the desire for education, advancement, and self-development. The study reached a number of the following recommendations, which are as follows: It is necessary to work with a system of (marriage by consent) between the two parties, the requester and the requested, so that there is no material or moral burden for either party, by reducing and minimizing the impossible demands imposed by the bride’s family on the groom’s family and vice versa. There must also be an effective role for opinion leaders, community activists, and stakeholders in confronting, opposing, and confronting young people’s reluctance to marry through its new manifestations. The state must also carry out its duties and roles towards citizens and contribute to alleviating the burdens of marriage (housing - providing marriage loans). Media awareness is also important, enlightening people about the problem of young people’s reluctance to marry, its characteristics, features and risks, and urging people not to exaggerate in dowries and facilitating the requirements of marriage itself in order to sustain the marriage system and the form and quality of life, and this can only happen through marriage.

This research consists of an introduction that discusses the Arabic language, when and how it arrived in Senegal, and who was the first Senegalese to compose poetry in Arabic. It also includes two chapters. The first chapter discusses Senegal's geography, including its location, area, climate, some of its waterways, and its economic situation. It also discusses its population, Sufi orders, some Islamic institutions and groups, the introduction of Islam, and the conditions of Muslims there.

The second chapter discusses Senegalese Arabic poetry, demonstrating that it is a reflection of the Senegalese nation, explaining this and the factors that led to the renaissance of Senegalese Arabic poetry. The conclusion includes sources and references.

It is well known that faith is the foundation upon which religion is built. If it is sound, religion is sound, and if it is corrupt, religion is corrupt. The foundations of Islamic law are built upon faith. Thus, the Islamic religion is a religion of worship and behavior, in which human needs (material and spiritual) are balanced. However, anyone who examines the reality of Muslims today will notice many doctrinal violations, which have deviated from the true religion and have been guided by whims and doubts, floundering in the wilderness of confusion and misguidance, until they have strayed from their true origins. This schizophrenia that some Muslims experience is what prompted me to choose and work on this topic. It examines the issue of doctrinal deviations and their manifestations in Muslim societies, which compels us to seek solutions and ways to combat them by all legitimate means.

The political awareness of Moroccan women in Morocco began very late, and in its beginnings, it was considered part of the national party movement in particular. However, most of these women's organizations that came after the Shura and Independence Party were unable to structure their frameworks independently; as they were all influenced by the same political visions that their parties fought for, and they were also subjected to a kind of marginalization within the political parties. Therefore, they cannot be considered more than the first signs of a future political movement that will seek to impose its own cause, and impose an image of the independence of its activities in order to enjoy their civil and political rights, ensure that their voice is heard in the public sphere, and establish their equality. This will come about through the initiative to establish women's associations away from partisan visions.

This study examines the issues of the state and exception presented by Abu al-Barakat al-Anbari in his book Al-Insaf fi Masail al-Khilaf bayna al-Basriyyin wa al-Kufiyyin. The researcher adopted the descriptive and deductive approach in studying these issues. The nature of this research required that it be divided into two sections preceded by an introduction, followed by a conclusion and indexes. In each issue, the researcher presented the arguments of the Kufians and Basriyyin, then the opinion of Ibn al-Anbari and his response to the words of the Kufians. Then, he discussed each issue based on the evidence mentioned in the Holy Qur’an, the sayings of grammarians, scholars and commentators, and relied on listening and analogy among the Arabs in preferring the sayings of one group over another and arriving at the most correct opinion, and knowing the extent of Ibn al-Anbari’s fairness during his ruling on these controversial issues.

The research aims to identify the developmental role played by Islamic banks through their basic financing formulas, especially the Murabaha formula, which is considered the most common and widely used financing formula in Islamic financing operations. It addressed the concept of Murabaha, its legitimacy and its pillars, in addition to addressing the practical applications of the Murabaha formula in Islamic banks and the extent of its contribution to achieving development to increase the efficiency of Murabaha financing operations in Islamic banks.

This study aims to contribute to clarifying the foundations and principles of intellectual education, in view of the problems posed by the intellectual aspect in the educational reality. This is based on diagnosing the crisis of thought in Islamic societies, which extends into the educational field through the weak interest in the faculties of reason and reflection. This necessitates highlighting the necessity and importance of intellectual education, identifying its requirements and the curricula that serve it, and clarifying the most important educational methods worthy of being employed in developing intellectual faculties, and what the methodological foundations for employing thought and practicing sound thinking represent in terms of methodological principles for such education. This will support its activation and explore the prospects for its transfer to broader dimensions, based on a clear approach that helps in overcoming its difficulties and contributes to achieving its goals.

The researcher aims to shed light on the listening and speaking skills as two of the four language skills. He chose them because they are the first in need and the most used of the written skills. He viewed them as the gateway to the sea of language and its teaching to students. In the listening skill, the researcher begins by defining listening, presenting the opinions of a group of scholars, then concludes with a comprehensive and exclusive definition. He then moves on to the aspects of listening, explaining that there are three aspects: hearing, listening, and paying attention. He then moves on to clarify its types, some of which are participatory and some of which are non-participatory. In the mechanisms of listening, he focuses on explaining the listening process and its methods, from understanding details to understanding wholes and vice versa. He details the stages of listening to be five stages, starting with its introduction, then addressing it in batches, all with the eye of the teacher who wants to convey this skill to his students, assuming that they are at the age of beginning to understand the language and its complex relationships. In the listening sections, he explains that it is based on three intertwined processes (reception, processing, and employment). He then explains the objectives of listening from the teacher’s eye for this skill and ends with means and mechanisms for developing this skill. Finally, he offers advice on how to enhance mastery of this skill.

Likewise, with conversation, the researcher begins by defining it, then mentions its constituents (verbal and semantic) and its constituent aspects. He then explains its types, levels, and teaching objectives, concluding with advice for developing this skill.

Finally, the researcher presents some practical methods for developing listening and speaking skills, such as dialogue, discussion, cooperative learning, reception, and the young teacher, highlighting the pros and cons of each, to serve as a beacon of benefit to anyone attempting to develop these two skills.

This study aimed to identify the factors affecting external auditors' fees from the perspectives of external auditors and companies in Sudan, to assist both parties in determining appropriate fees. The study focused on identifying and determining audit fees and the independence of the external auditor. The study problem was represented in the following questions: What is the impact of factors related to the audit firm on determining the external auditors' fees? To what extent is the relative importance of these factors measured and analyzed from the perspectives of both auditors and companies? The study tested the hypotheses, including identifying the factors affecting audit fees to increase auditor independence and audit efficiency, identifying the factors affecting audit fees to avoid misunderstandings between the auditor and company in determining the external auditors' fees. The study followed the descriptive and analytical approach. The study reached the following results: The size of the company affects the determination of audit fees from the perspectives of auditors and companies, and the degree of risk affects the determination of audit actions. The study recommended working on developing laws and legislation that determine the external auditors' fees in terms of maximum and minimum limits, and raising companies' awareness of the general rate of audit fees and the importance of the audit process in protecting the entity and its continuity.

There is no clear definition of hate speech, although some define it as any public statement, behavior, or action that incites violence or leads to societal strife. Hate speech has several descriptions, which can be summarized as verbal violence embedded in inferior discourse, blatant hatred, intellectual fanaticism, racial discrimination, expressive transgressions, and a condescending view in discourse accompanied by exclusion. The study aims to examine the concept of hate crime, to identify the danger this crime poses to society, whether international or national, and to examine the most important international conventions that call for the rejection of hate speech against others. The study addresses: First, the concept of hate speech; second, the position of legislation on the crime of hate and how to address it; and third, the mechanisms of hate speech. This study uses a descriptive and analytical approach, and arrives at the most important findings and recommendations, including: There is no comprehensive and precise definition of hate speech in international law, as international law considers hate speech to cause the commission of genocide through war propaganda or calls for hatred. Working to disseminate a culture of human rights, which includes a culture of tolerance, dialogue among civilizations, and the rejection of hate speech at international conferences. The paper concluded with key sources and references.