Through a field survey of several sites in the area of the Al-Jabal Al-Akhder forests in winter and spring, fields of wheat, barley and oats crops in spring, as well as irrigated fields of crops in summer, from Shahhat area in the east to tokra area in the west, south and North in the Al-Jabal Al-Akhder region. It turned out that the phenomenon of death of branches of forest trees is an example of carob trees Ceratonia siliqua L. Arbotus unedo L. And Pistacia atlantica L.) Caused by feeding the short-tailed field mouse Microtus guentheri Hinton´s (Social mouse) on the branches bark of tree and may attack branches at a height of more than five meters. traces of the loan have found tree branches in forests and they lead to the death of branches as well as traces of its feeding in wheat and barley fields in the form of patches devoid of vegetation and full of holes, which reach 12 holes in forests but exceed them in agricultural lands. this mouse is aggressive, panicked, fast-moving and has local vital enemies, the most important of which are owls and snakes.

In 1926, Taha Hussein’s book « On Pre-Islamic Poetry » set off a huge intellectual and critical controversy among intellectual and cultural elites; not only in Egypt but also in almost all the Muslim world. That controversy escalated into heated literary battles leading to Taha Hussein’s trial as well as his book’s withdrawal from markets, for casting doubt on pre-Islamic poetry and disbelieving the historical existence of the prophet Abraham and his son Ishmael, peace be upon them, following therein Descartes’ critical approach that involves doubting everything.

Even though Algeria was groaning under French colonial oppression, Algerians reacted in that critical juncture to intellectual and literary issues proposed and emerged at that time. In this context, the author, poet, scholar and journalist Mohamed Said Zahraoui put in his two penn’orth about the question raised by Taha Hussein in his book « On Pre-Islamic Poetry », and he expressed his critical opinion regarding Taha Hussein’s productions and stand with regard to patrimony, through going back to the philosophical and epistemic background of Taha Hussein. 

This study aims to understand the role of internal resource and capacity management in enhancing the financial performance of industrial companies by improving their competitive performance. The focus will be on the relationship between internal resource and capacity management, competitive performance, and financial performance of these companies. The study will use a descriptive analytical approach, with data collected through a questionnaire distributed to a sample of small industrial companies in the Misurata region. Various statistical analyses, such as regression analysis and correlation tests, will be conducted to reveal the nature of the relationships between the study variables.

This study aimed to verify the impact of information technology governance on the quality of financial reports through information systems risks and to explore the relationship between variables. To achieve this goal, the study relied on the descriptive analytical approach, and used the questionnaire as a tool to collect data that was distributed to a sample of commercial banks operating within the city. Misrata – Libya. The number of questionnaires suitable for analysis reached (58) questionnaires, and the study reached a number of results, the most important of which are: Information technology governance affects the quality of financial reports through the risks of information systems in commercial banks operating within the city of Misrata.

This study aims to shed light on the theoretical role of sustainable infrastructure in supporting urban growth in Libyan cities. It analyzes the interrelationship between sustainability and urban development, especially amid the challenges posed by unplanned urban expansion and deficient service networks. Relying on a descriptive-analytical approach, the study reviews relevant literature to demonstrate how sustainable infrastructure can serve as a catalyst for structured urban development that responds to environmental, social, and economic demands. The research concludes that sustainable infrastructure is not merely a technical necessity but a strategic prerequisite for shaping resilient and equitable urban spaces in Libya.

This study investigate how social media networks can help improve the speaking and writing skills of students learning English as a Second Language (ESL) in intermediate schools in Northwest Syria· In a region affected by conflict, the research explores how digital platforms impact students’ language learning, motivation, and classroom participation ·Using a mixed-methods approach that includes surveys, interviews, and classroom observations, the study examines how students use platforms like WhatsApp, YouTube, and Facebook to build vocabulary, become more fluent in writing, and gain confidence in speaking English· While the results show clear benefits, the study also highlights ongoing challenges, such as limited access to technology, lack of teacher training, and the emotional effects of displacement and conflict The study recommends including structured, curriculum-based activities using social media, improving digital access, and offering teacher training· These steps are important to make the most of social media as a useful learning tool—especially in areas where traditional educational resources are limited· In the end, this study hopes to help develop better and more adaptable ways to support language learning for students living in difficult situations·

This study addresses the issue of a defendant’s confession—considered as a form of legal evidence in Islamic law—when obtained through unlawful means such as coercion. The aim of the study is to demonstrate that Islam prohibits the use of such unlawful methods to extract confessions, and to establish that confessions obtained in this manner are neither valid nor admissible. The study covers the concept of coercion, its classifications, and the extent to which a confession extracted under coercion can be considered legally valid or binding. It also presents the opinions of Islamic jurists and legal scholars in both Islamic jurisprudence and positive law.

Among the key findings of this study is that extracting a confession through coercion is impermissible, and any confession resulting from such methods is invalid both in Islamic law and in judicial proceedings. The study recommends prohibiting this inhumane practice and taking all necessary measures to prevent and restrict its use, except in cases of extreme necessity.

The study aimed to explore the reality of the organizational climate in its dimensions: organizational structure, communication pattern, incentive system, and leadership style, and its relationship with administrative creativity in educational institutions of secondary schools in the Municipality of Misrata. It also sought to assess the level of administrative creativity and its dimensions within these institutions. The descriptive-analytical method was adopted due to its suitability to the nature of the study. The study population consisted of all secondary school teachers in the Municipality of Misrata, with a purposive sampling method used for selecting the sample. To collect data, a questionnaire was developed and distributed to a sample of 127 teachers.

The results indicated a high level of practice regarding the organizational climate across its various dimensions, as well as a generally high level of administrative creativity. Specifically, the dimensions of flexibility and fluency recorded high levels, while the dimensions of originality and problem sensitivity achieved moderate levels. Statistical analyses also revealed a statistically significant relationship between the organizational climate and administrative creativity.

The study aimed to deal with the implementation of the punishment in Islamic jurisprudence and Sudanese Law, a comparative study by introducing the concept of punishment in language, jurisprudence and legal convention, knowing the implementation of punishment in Islamic jurisprudence and Sudanese law, and then conducting a comparison of models of the implementation of punishments between Islamic jurisprudence and Sudanese law. The study introduced the following questions to find answers: What is the concept of implementing punishment in Islamic jurisprudence and Sudanese law? How are some punishments implemented in Islamic jurisprudence and Sudanese law? The study followed the descriptive analytical and the comparative approaches. The study reached a number of results of which are: The punishment in Islamic law is divided, considering the crimes imposed on it into three sections of the Hudood- Retribution- Tazir. The Sudanese Criminal Law of 1991 has been taken with the punishments mentioned in the provisions of Islamic Sharia, as well as the introduction of how to implement the punishments, especially with regard to the limits that the Holy Quran or the Prophet’s Sunnah brought is characterized by physical, and it is a circle between killing at the top and skin in the lowest, including stoning, steal, and cutting from disagreement in the holes, and cutting in theft and negation. The study recommended the following: Attention must be paid to the controls that must be taken into account during the implementation of punishments in the law. Conducting more studies and researches related to the topics of Islamic jurisprudence and comparing them with positive law.

This study examines English language learning strategies employed by Syrian university students (Aleppo & Al-Levant Universities), focusing on motivations, challenges, and strategy effectiveness. A descriptive-analytical method was used, combining language tests and teacher questionnaires.

Findings:Digital tools (e.g., Duolingo, YouTube) are widely used for daily practiceand Cognitive strategies (e.g., flashcards, note-taking) enhance retention.

Metacognitive strategies (e.g., goal-setting, self-evaluation) are prevalent.

Motivations include career prospects, global communication, and higher education.

Challenges: Limited resources, language anxiety, and lack of practice opportunities.

Recommendations:Improve access to digital resources and language labs.Train students in advanced learning strategies.Establish English conversation clubs.

The purpose of this study is to explore the challenges of teaching a second language English among Northern Syrian public and private secondary school in the academic year   2023 \2024. It aims to identify and study some of the challenges that teachers face, evaluate the contribution of the social, political, and economic factors in the educational process, and compare the challenges among public and private schools. The present study used a descriptive-analytical approach, and data was collected from 187 teachers through a questionnaire. The findings suggest significant barriers, including access to modern educational technology, a shortage of teaching resources, and a paucity of options for teacher training. But there’s more going on for public schools, overcrowding in their classrooms, for private schools’ unpredictable allocation of funds and resources, socio-political instability in the region, and the challenges faced by teachers in keeping students engaged and managing class behavior as well as addressing different learning needs further worsened the situation. In addition, the lack of administrative support and low parental participation hindered good teaching. The study also recommended enhancing teacher training programs, improving school infrastructure, providing continuous administrative and technical support, and stronger collaboration between schools and parents based on these findings. It also stressed increasing public awareness of the need for English language education. This article is one of several that aims to provide better insight into the educational challenges in Northern Syria while also offering real solutions to improve teaching and support educators in their professional capacities.

The aim of this research is to improve the liquid heating system in the Flat Rolling Mill Management Unit at the Libyan Iron and Steel Company by using heaters instead of steam. The system is controlled by a programmable logic controller (PLC), which relies on input signals from thermal sensors to regulate the liquid temperature. A program was designed using the programming language (Ladder Logic) and uploaded to a (Simatic S7) PLC via a computer, which is used to monitor the control system’s operation. After the system was activated, the liquid was heated and maintained at a temperature within the range of (60°C – 80°C). The heating process took approximately four hours, compared to the steam system, which required about 24 hours to heat the same volume of liquid.

A laboratory experiment was conducted in the Soil Chemistry and Fertility Laboratory at the Faculty of Agriculture – Sebha University, Libya to study the effect of the relationship between electrical conductivity and total dissolved salts estimated by the gravimetric method and the effect of dilution of some groundwater samples on the electrical conductivity. To study this relationship, 63 water samples were collected from different groundwater wells from different areas of the Fezzan region, Libya. The electrical conductivity (EC25) of each sample was estimated, and the amount of salts was estimated by the gravimetric method. The amount of salts was calculated with the information about the electrical conductivity by the currently used method using the equation: mg/l = EC25 * 640 when EC25 is less than 5 dSm-1. If EC25 is greater than 5 dSm-1, to find the amount of total dissolved salts (TDS), we substituted in the following equation: mg/l = EC25 * 800. When applying these equations, we did not obtain correct results for the amount of total salts, but rather obtained results far from the reality obtained by the gravimetric method. However, when applying the equations that we obtained as a result of this research, which are as follows:

First, when EC25 is less than 5 dSm-1, we arrived at the following equation: 

mg/l = 705.649EC25 dSm-1-372.282.

When substituting in this equation, we obtained results very close to the amount of salts obtained by the gravimetric method.

 Secondly, when EC25 is greater than 5 dSm-1, we arrive at the following equation:

mg/l = 761.00 EC25 dSm-1 – 180.316.

 Also, when we substituting in this equation, we get results very close to the amount of salts obtained by the gravimetric method.

Thirdly, we may sometimes look at the dilution process (two, three or four times), then we estimate the conductivity by multiplying the conductivity by the reciprocal of the dilution to get the original conductivity, but when we apply that, we get a value that was not the same as the value before the dilution. To avoid making mistakes when doing the dilution process and to get a value (EC) closer to the original conductivity, this is done by multiplying the electrical conductivity measured at any dilution * the correction factor calculated at this dilution.

The correction factor obtained for dilutions two, three, four, five, and six times is 0.83, 0.78, 0.69, 0.66, 0.65 respectively.

key words: The rhetorical analogy – the last third – theThis research sought to achieve the following objectives:

1 – Researching the analogy to facilitate the reader and learners in understanding the Qur’anic texts.

2- Directing people to read the last third of the Noble Qur’an and reflect on it.

3 – Paying attention to the Arabic language in general، and the Holy Qur’an in particular.

Research Methodology:

 The researcher followed the descriptive analytical approach in conducting the research.

Research results:

The researcher reached the following results after conducting the research:

1- Understand the definitions of simile in language and terminology.

2-Reviewing some of the works that dealt with similes related to the Holy Qur’an.

3-Standing on the analogy in the eyes of the rhetoricians، and the characteristics of Quranic analogies.

4=Understand the purposes of the analogy، and its benefits in the last third.

5- Determining the types of simile in the last third، and that most of them are similitude of the sender being general and eloquent.

In this analytical descriptive research, the relationship between the Holy Quran and the Prophetic Hadiths was studied. The texts of the Prophetic Hadiths are generally divided into three categories: Hadiths that agree with and support the rulings of the Quran. Hadiths that explain the Quran, by detailing the ambiguous, specifying the general, restricting the absolute, and clarifying the obscure. Hadiths that indicate rulings not explicitly mentioned in the Quran but explained by the Prophet Muhammad(peace be upon him). This research was conducted to demonstrate the importance of the relationship between the Quran and the Sunnah, specially for those who rely solely on the Quran and do not consider the Prophetic Hadiths as authoritative. The truth is that the correct understanding of the Quran cannot be achieved without referring to the Sunnah. Each type of relationship with the Quran was clarified with examples, and it was concluded that the true understanding and practical application of the Quran can only be realized through the Prophetic Hadiths.

This research addresses restorative justice in corruption crimes as an alternative to traditional criminal justice, by focusing on the concepts of restorative justice and the nature of corruption crimes. Despite the significance of settlement in achieving justice, its application in corruption- related cases encounters several legal challenges, which this study aims to highlight. Among the most prominent of these challenges is the exclusion of public officials from the right to settlement, which raises critical questions about justice and equality before the law. Additionally, the duality in the legislative regulation of settlement   procedures between the Integrity and Anti-Corruption Law and the Economic Crimes Law creates ambiguity regarding which legal framework should apply when an offense is classified simultaneously as both an economic and a corruption crime. The research adopts the descriptive-analytical approach as its primary methodology and is structured into two main sections.  The first explores the concepts of restorative justice and corruption, while the second addresses the procedural provisions of restorative justice in corruption crimes. The research concludes by recommending the unification of legal provisions governing settlement, as well as the expansion of its scope to include public officials, subject to strict legal safeguards.

This study explores a specific aspect of poetic necessity، namely measured (standard) and unmeasured (non-standard) apposition، from both morphological and syntactic perspectives. It raises a central question: When does apposition become measured or unmeasured?

In response، the paper argues that apposition is considered measured when it occurs through simile، metaphor، or metonymy; phonetic proximity between two letters; or when a noun is employed due to poetic necessity in a way that is otherwise unacceptable in standard prose.

On the other hand، unmeasured apposition appears in two stylistic forms: the first involves substituting the imperative verb form for the indicative (declarative) verb، and the second entails placing either a verbal or nominal clause as a relative clause to the definite article “al-“.

Implicit negation is a type of negation that is not directly stated but rather understood from the context, tone, or wording. It is a subtle and indirect way of expressing denial or rejection and is often used in refined or elevated language, especially in Arabic literature and rhetoric. This type of negation does not rely on explicit negative words such as “no,” “not,” “did not,” or “will not,” but instead communicates the idea of negation through implication and contextual clues.

Implicit negation serves various communicative functions. It can soften the delivery of a message, allowing the speaker or writer to avoid harshness or confrontation. It is also frequently employed to convey sarcasm, irony, or indirect criticism, which makes it a powerful rhetorical and stylistic device. Its effectiveness, however, heavily depends on the speaker’s or writer’s linguistic skills and the audience’s ability to interpret meaning from context.

One of the key features of implicit negation is that it relies on interpretation rather than direct expression. This can make it highly effective in artistic and persuasive writing, where subtlety is valued. At the same time, it may lead to confusion or misinterpretation in contexts that require clarity and straightforward communication.

In conclusion, while implicit negation enriches literary and rhetorical expression, it is not always suitable for every situation. The researcher recommends that it be used selectively and only by individuals who possess the necessary language awareness and skill to apply it effectively without causing ambiguity.

This study investigates the impact of systematic needs analysis (NA) on the development of writing instructional materials for medical students at Aleppo University in Northern Syria. Using a structured questionnaire, data were collected from 116 third- and fourth-year medical students and 16 lecturers to identify the most pressing writing needs in English for Medical Purposes (EMP). The findings highlight the importance of aligning EMP writing materials with real-world communicative tasks such as clinical reporting, research writing, and documentation for humanitarian agencies. The study offers practical recommendations for integrating NA into curriculum development to enhance writing proficiency and learner satisfaction in conflict-affected educational settings.

The sultanate of WADI and its present rugged city (WARA) considered one of the most prominent Islamic sultanates in central Sudan in terms of various activities in the political, economic, scientific, cultural and architectural fields.

The research aims to identify the rugged city (WARA) and its great fame since its inception, and to clarify the strategic location which it enjoyed, in addition to developing a plan to restore a rugged city to its previous era and to exploit it as a tourist archaeological city.

And since the research is studying the ancient city of AL-WARAH, we follow to identify the strategic geographical location, building materials, what is the architectural style that characterized it, and what are the most prominent architectural features, and we will also reveal the features of the architectural and construction elements that the city enjoyed.

The research adopted the descriptive historical method to study the city, depending on the sources, to reach a set of results.

The research includes three main axes, and the research reached a set of conclusions and suggestions.

This study aimed to identify the level of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among a sample of individuals affected by the earthquake in northwestern Syria, and to analyze the differences in PTSD levels in light of several demographic, most notably gender, marital status, and type of damage. The study sample consisted of 99 individuals from the city of Idlib who were directly exposed to traumatic experiences as a result of the 2023 earthquake. The participants’ ages ranged from 18 to 55 years. The sample was selected using a non-random (convenient) sampling method due to the difficulty of accessing all members of the affected population.

The study utilized the Davidson PTSD Scale (Davidson, 1987), in its Arabic version prepared by Thabet (2006), which consists of 17 items measuring three dimensions: re-experiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal. The psychometric properties of the tool (validity and reliability) were verified by applying it to a pilot sample of 48 participants. The study adopted the descriptive analytical method, as it is most appropriate for the nature of the research problem, aiming to describe and analyze the phenomenon quantitatively.

The results indicated that the level of PTSD among the participants was moderate. No statistically significant differences were found in PTSD levels based on gender or marital status. However, statistically significant differences were found related to the type of damage, in favor of individuals who experienced both loss of lives and property.

Based on these findings, the study recommends activating psychological and counseling programs for the affected population, organizing awareness sessions to inform individuals about trauma symptoms and coping strategies, and expanding the availability of psychological support and preventive therapy services. It also emphasizes the importance of increasing social and humanitarian support, particularly financial aid and housing reconstruction. The study suggests that future research should explore PTSD in relation to variables such as ego strength, psychological resilience, hardiness, and personality traits, focusing on vulnerable groups such as former detainees, children of martyrs, and widows.

This research aims to study the expiations for sins in the Qur’an and Sunnah through an inductive and analytical study.

It aims to define the expiations for sins, linguistically and technically, and the study also clarifies the expiations for sins in the Holy Qur’an and the Sunnah of the Prophet.

It concluded with several results, the most important of which are:

What is meant by expiations for sins is everything that a servant does in terms of words and actions that are a reason for the forgiveness of his sins, based on a text from the Qur’an or Sunnah, or analogy, or through his own effort, hoping for God’s mercy and forgiveness.

The most important and greatest reason for expiating sins is the belief in the Oneness of God Almighty, and that He, Glory be to Him, may forgive sins by His mercy and grace, not by the deeds of the servant. There are deeds that expiate both minor and major sins, such as the belief in the Oneness of God Almighty, as has been proven in some texts. There are also deeds that expiate only minor sins, such as the five daily prayers, Ramadan to Ramadan, and Friday to Friday. God has made many reasons for expiating sins, including:

Faith, Islam and its obligations, piety, repentance, good character, seeking forgiveness, supplication, and the calamities that befall a person in this world.

The study dealt with the life of the poetAbdul wahid Hassan Al Senussi and his poetry. The study aimed to identity the poet, explain his poetic product and its literary value, as well as contribute to the revival of the arab Chadian heritage and its delivery through study and scientific analysis. The researcher used the descriptive analytical approach and the historical approach. The study concluded that the environmental, political, social and economic factors clearly affected the formation of the personality of Abdul wahid Hassan Al Senussi, as is had a great role in his poetry, and the events that Chad went through in particular and the Islamic world in general were deeply resonated in some of his poems.

The goal of the study is to explain the role of the deanships of student affairs and their activities in alleviating the severity of psychological disorders among their students. The current study followed a descriptive, relational approach to achieve the objectives of the study and answer its questions and hypotheses. The study population consisted of all Jordanian university students for the academic year 2024-2025 AD, and the study sample consisted of (552) male and female students from Jordanian universities. They were selected according to a simple random method, and the results showed that the role of the deanships of student affairs and their activities is in alleviating the severity of psychological disorders among students. Its students are at a high level There are no statistically significant differences between the average scores of the sample of students on the questionnaire on the role of the deanships of student affairs and their activities in alleviating the severity of psychological disorders among their students according to the gender variable, and there are statistically significant differences between the average scores of the sample of students on the questionnaire on the role of the deanships of student affairs and their activities. In alleviating the severity of psychological disorders among its students according to the variable of the academic year, in favor of the final year There are no statistically significant differences between the average scores of the sample of students on the questionnaire on the role of the deanships of student affairs and their activities in alleviating the severity of psychological disorders among their students according to the college type variable, and there are statistically significant differences between the average scores of the sample of students on the questionnaire on the role of the deanships of student affairs. Students and their activities in alleviating the severity of psychological disorders among their students according to the variable of participation in student activities For the benefit of participants in student activities, and as the researcher recommends studying the effectiveness of group activities in reducing levels of anxiety and depression among Jordanian university students, building a proposed vision for developing the role of deanships of student affairs in alleviating the severity of psychological disorders among their students.

The study aimed to identify the level of digital culture and professional competence among a sample of basic stage teachers in Jordan, identify the nature of the relationship between digital culture and professional competence among a sample of basic stage teachers in Jordan, and identify statistically significant differences between the average grades of the sample of basic stage teachers.In Jordan on the digital culture scale and the professional competence scale according to two variables (academic qualification and number of years of service). The current study followed a descriptive, correlational approach to achieve the study objectives.The study sample consisted of (100) male and female public school teachers in Jordan, who were selected according to a simple random method. The results showed that the level of digital literacy among a sample of basic stage teachers in Jordan was average, and the level of professional competence among a sample of basic stage teachers in Jordan was high, and there is a direct, moderately severe relationship with statistical significance between digital literacy and professional competence among a sample of basic stage teachers in Jordan, There are statistically significant differences between the average grades of the sample of basic stage teachers in Jordan on the digital culture scale according to the variable of academic qualification, and the differences were in favor of postgraduate studies.There are statistically significant differences between the average grades of the sample of basic stage teachers in Jordan on the digital culture scale according to the variable of number of years.Service, and the differences were in favor of 10 years or more There are statistically significant differences between the average grades of the sample of basic stage teachers in Jordan on the professional competence scale according to the variable of academic qualification, and the differences were in favor of postgraduate studies.There are statistically significant differences between the average grades of the sample of basic stage teachers in Jordan on the professional competence scale according to the variable of number of years.Service and the differences were in favor of 10 years or more. The researcher recommends developing digital training programs directed at basic stage teachers in order to raise the level of their digital culture.