Praise be to God, and may blessings and peace be upon the Messenger of God, his family, his companions, and those who follow him. To proceed:

In this humble research, I have been honored to enter one of the gates of Islamic sciences, to explore its treasures, extract its jewels, and draw from its most eminent scholars and the wellsprings of its jurists.

I have been further honored and blessed after having ventured into the depths of research, investigation, and study of a learned, devout, and pious imam who devoted his life to learning from sheikhs and scholars. He then spent the rest of his life giving and giving, imparting his knowledge to others in circles and lessons held in mosques and gatherings.

He is Imam Al-Ziyadi (may God have mercy on him), who attained eminence and scholarly leadership in his time. His commentary on the methodology contained radiant pearls and jurisprudential benefits, as well as scientific and linguistic meanings that students of knowledge need in every time and place. It makes it a respected legal reference and an important source in Shafi’i jurisprudence, especially since he derived his jurisprudential knowledge from the books of an imam from the elite imams of the school, a relied upon and knowledgeable sheikh, and a strong pillar in verification and preference. The beacons of their knowledge continue to illuminate the path of those who seek it, and guide the confused and lost to the path of the Lord of the Worlds. I was honored to study and translate Imam Al-Ziyadi (may God have mercy on him). God), and explaining his approach in his commentary on (Fath al-Wahhab with an explanation of the students’ approach), and verifying part of the commentary, starting from: (The Chapter on the Qiblah) to the end of (The Prayer of Fear).

This study examines Quranic readings, their relationship to grammar and syntax, their impact on the foundation of grammar and the establishment of rules, and their impact on the controversial issues of the accusative case presented by Abu al-Barakat al-Anbari in his book "Al-Insaf fi Masail al-Khilaf bayn al-Basriyyin wa al-Kufiyyin." The researcher adopted a descriptive and deductive approach in this study. The nature of this study required that it be divided into four sections, preceded by an introduction and followed by a conclusion and indexes.

This study examines and investigates the implications and purposive dimensions of the Seal of Prophethood, contributing to efforts to approach and clarify it, as it is a major epistemological issue among the priorities of Islamic thought, and of utmost importance in civilizational awareness of history and human reality in its relationship with divine revelation. This requires contemplation of issues of great value in deriving scientific principles upon which practical procedures can be built, enabling humanity to carry out its mission of vicegerency in accordance with God's will. This is achieved by presenting integrated visions regarding the implications and dimensions of the Seal of Prophethood; in the area of its relationship to the law of evolution and the methodology of change in human life; in the aspect of consolidating the application of deductive reason in all aspects of life; and in the necessity of continuing to be guided by the approach of the Seal of Prophets, in parallel with strengthening and expanding the roles of scholars as heirs of the prophets; and invoking the horizon of the trend towards the universality of civilization in accordance with the Islamic message.

Riddles, riddles, and fantastic tales are a major part of the Wadzmi people's identity. They are considered a type of intangible cultural heritage that reflects the identity and relationship of people to the world.

Tinea capitis is one of the most common fungal infections among school-aged children. Despite its public health importance, it is not a notifiable disease; therefore, actual prevalence figures are unknown in many endemic areas. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of the causative species of tinea capitis among schoolchildren in the Misrata region.
Methods: A total of 6,493 children aged 7-15 years were screened or surveyed for the study, from 15 schools. 124 suspected cases were examined, and hair roots and skin scrapings were collected from each case and subjected to microscopic examination and culture to identify fungal hyphae and spores.
Results: Direct microscopic examination of hair was positive in 21.4% of patients. Culture was positive in 16.6% of patients. Tinea capitis was more common (0.36%) and more common in males (58.3%) than females (41.7%). Most children under the age of 10 years were infected. The most common isolated organisms were Trichophyton violaceum (91.71%), followed by Microsporum canis (8.3%). Conclusions: The study showed a high rate of human-to-human transmission of Trichophyton violaceum.

The Hungarians are of Turkish origin, having migrated from the Ural Mountains and settled in the Pannonian Plain in the last quarter of the 9th century AD. They took advantage of the difficult conditions experienced by the Kingdom of Great Moravia and the Frankish Kingdom to consolidate their power and establish their state. They launched numerous campaigns against Germany and Italy, but the direction of these campaigns varied depending on the location of their seven tribes. Their victories were not due to their strength as much as to their exploitation of the prevailing political conditions in the Steppes, the Balkans, and Central Europe. It is noteworthy that the Hungarian campaigns against the Frankish Kingdom were aimed at plunder and looting, not at establishing settlement. It would not be an exaggeration to say that these campaigns were a type of fierce raids that ended in their defeat at the famous Battle of Lechfeld at the hands of the German Emperor Otto I in 955 AD.

This study seeks to deduce the rhetorical and aesthetic aspects of the Prophet's hadiths (peace and blessings be upon him) through the phenomenon of ʿadūl. It also highlights the importance of various grammatical clues in the permissibility of this phenomenon, as well as the mechanism used to accept or reject the evidence containing it. The nature of the study required that it consist of an introduction, a preface, three chapters, and a conclusion. In the introduction, the researcher discusses the objectives and importance of the study and the methodology he followed in presenting the issues in this study. The preface also provides an overview of the history of the use of hadith as evidence and the divergent opinions of scholars regarding its use. It also includes a profile of the eminent scholar Ahmad ibn Hanbal (may God have mercy on him), and the research corpus, Musnad al-Imam Ahmad. The first chapter included five sections in which he discussed the concept of deviation in language and terminology, and explained the difference between the terms justice and deviation, and defined the most important terms of deviation in the past and present, and spoke about the types of deviation in general and concluded it with grammatical deviation (the subject of the study), while the last section was devoted to talking about verbal and semantic grammatical indications and their effect on the permissibility of deviation. The second chapter of this study comprises four sections. The researcher discusses the deviation from diacritical marks and provides relevant evidence from the Prophetic hadith in Musnad Ahmad, addressing the issues covered in that chapter. The third section deals with deviations from grammatical structures and their departure from their original position. The first section deals with the deviation from singular to plural, while the second discusses deviations in grammatical rank and the aesthetic effects of bringing a later word forward in rank on the listener. The third section is devoted to deviations in the separation of sentence parts. The researcher chose the most common type of grammatical separation, namely the separation between subject and predicate, and between verb and subject. The fourth section discusses forms of ellipsis in the hadith of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him). The research focuses, in its various sections, on highlighting the beauty of deviations in expression and their ingenuity in conveying the intended meaning in the most eloquent manner, the listener's sense of it upon its occurrence, and their astonishment at its use. Then the researcher followed his research with a conclusion that included the content of this research and the most important results that the researcher reached in his study of this phenomenon, and some recommendations that the researcher suggested that would enrich this topic and expand its frameworks, followed by a list of sources and references that the researcher benefited from in completing his research, and the research was appended with an index of what was included in this study, and I ask God Almighty for success and sincerity in word and deed

This research deals with the imperative openings of the surahs of the Holy Quran, a section of the imperative openings which are: (command, interrogation, and vocative). The research aims to demonstrate the eloquence of the Holy Quran, the beauty of its style and its miraculous nature, and its service to the Holy Quran as the primary source of legislation. The desire to highlight the role of the styles of the imperative openings of the surahs of the Holy Quran. I was very careful to trace the opinions of scholars by referring to the most important books and relied on many important books on grammar, rhetoric, interpretation, and linguistics. I also relied on the descriptive approach, based on induction and analysis, so I defined the openings, imperative, request, and coherence. Then I divided my study into three chapters, each chapter into two sections. The first section dealt with coherence in the studied surah, and the second section dealt with coherence in the studied surah, while studying the imperative opening grammatically and rhetorically and paying attention to interpretation and scholars' opinions on the studied surah. I concluded the research with the most important findings and recommendations.

This study examines criminal mediation, as one of the most important alternative means of resolving criminal disputes. It is characterized by its effectiveness and efficiency in establishing restorative justice, based on reforming the offender, redressing damages, and compensating the victim.

This study highlights the precise concept and nature of the criminal mediation system, as well as the methods by which criminal reconciliation can be achieved. It also highlights its importance in bringing the parties together to reach an amicable solution that ends criminal disputes. It also examines the extent to which this mechanism has been adopted by various criminal legislations as an effective mechanism for achieving reconciliation and harmony in societies.

In this research, the researcher addresses the interpretation of the verses of the Holy Quran by the sayings of the Companions, according to Imam al-Qurtubi, due to the great stature of this eminent interpreter and the acceptance of his book on interpretation (Al-Jami' li Ahkam al-Qur'an) by the Muslim community. I wanted to highlight the role of the Imam in his reliance on the sayings of the Companions, what he outlined for himself in his methodology for interpretation, and his third-degree reliance on the sayings of the Companions in his interpretation. I took Surah al-Nur as a model, and limited myself to the verses in which the Companions—may God be pleased with them—had a say.

In my research, I relied on the investigative approach, using inductive reasoning and citing the sayings of the Companions in interpreting words and verses..

Writing about institutional mediation is not merely a trivial topic or a mere curiosity. Rather, it is a topic of the hour and will remain so. Despite all the research written on the subject and the recommendations resulting from conferences, it remains a topic that haunts us at all times.

Institutional mediation is the cornerstone of protecting human rights from arbitrariness and unlawful violations. Moreover, achieving true protection of rights depends on the existence of constitutional institutions—the National Human Rights Council, the Ministerial Delegation for Human Rights, and the Ombudsman Institution.

The researcher aims to shed light on the skills of reading and writing as two main pillars of the four language skills. He chose them as a complement to the skills of listening and speaking in the previous research, and viewed them as keys to accessing the sea of language and teaching it to students. In the skill of reading, the researcher touched upon its nature and definition, then touched upon the components of reading in the journey of the written symbol’s transfer from the paper to the brain until it passes over the tongue and between the teeth, that is, from the sight’s touching of the letters until its processing until its pronunciation. In this journey, the researcher clarifies the four integrated reading processes and details the foundations of reading. Then he stops at the sections of reading aloud and silently and clarifies the objectives of each one. In the reading models, he explains what synthetic reading, analytical reading, and the reading that combines them, which is interactive reading. Then he stops at the three criteria for measuring the reading skill in the student’s soul and mind. He also clarifies the levels of reading, which take a pyramidal form starting with the literal level and ending with the applied level. He details the basic characteristics that the teacher should be aware of while teaching this skill and clarifies the objectives of reading in general. Then he touches upon the tools that should be used in evaluating the skill. Reading, concluding with a discussion of reading weaknesses and ways to overcome them.

In the discussion of writing, the author addresses its origins and importance, expressing his opinion after listing a number of scholars' opinions and detailing its definition. He also delves into detailing the three elements of writing: handwriting, spelling, and written expression, as well as the sub-skills associated with them that teachers should consider. He also details the objectives of writing and the objectives of learning it, discusses its types, and offers advice for teachers of this skill. He also outlines the writing skill standards, as defined by the European Union, from A1 to C2. He then delves into the stages of teaching writing, from planning to feedback, and concludes with the strategies used in teaching this skill. The research concludes with a conclusion, recommendations, and references..

This research deals with the significance of indefiniteness in the Holy Quran. This research aims to define indefiniteness and its significance in abundance through examples from Quranic texts. I have been very careful to trace the opinions of scholars and their viewpoints on the style of abundance in the Holy Quran. I relied on many of the most important books of grammar and books of interpretation. I adopted the descriptive approach based on induction and analysis. I defined significance and abundance, and talked about indefiniteness. Then I divided the research into three sections. The first section deals with the significance of the indefiniteness of the subject and what is originally a subject in abundance in the Holy Quran. The second section deals with the significance of the indefiniteness of the subject and the subject complement in abundance in the Holy Quran. The third section deals with the significance of the objects in abundance in the Holy Quran, and studied them grammatically and semantically through evidence from Quranic texts, given the importance of the role of indefiniteness in the significance of abundance in the Holy Quran. I concluded the research with the most important results and recommendations.

Granada was the last of the Andalusian bases to fall, and its fall culminated in Spain's final victory, in recovering its ancient land, and eliminating the Islamic state in Andalusia. The Granadans held out in this region for a long time, reaching about two and a half centuries, in the face of the fiercest national movement that appeared in the Middle Ages, which was known as the Reconquista. The study is entitled: (The Fall of the Banu al-Ahmar State in Granada, the Last Muslim Stronghold in Andalusia, at the Hands of the Spaniards), which the researcher began with an introduction that stated the topic, defined it, its objectives, the research plan, the methodology that he followed, and other matters that the introductions are related to. The study included two sections. In the first section, the researcher talked about: (A Historical Overview of Granada), which included two requirements. The first requirement: Granada, the origin of its name, its location, and its history. The second requirement discussed: The establishment of the Banu al-Ahmar state in Granada. In the second section, the researcher discussed: (The Siege and Fall of Granada), which included two topics: The first topic: The Siege and Surrender of Granada. The second topic discussed: The reasons and factors behind the fall of Granada.

The researcher studied the historical Syrian-Iranian relations, which were characterized by turmoil (during the Shah's reign) before the founding of the Islamic Republic of Iran. These relations then evolved into strategic cooperation after the founding of the Islamic Republic, gradually degenerating into absolute dependence after 2011. He also studied the most important historical positions of the two countries regarding regional and global issues that directly impact the Middle East.

The researcher discussed the most important means of Iranian influence in Syria, whether economic, political, or cultural. He highlighted the most important determinants of the Iranian position toward Syria and Iran's ongoing efforts to export its revolution and establish a Shiite crescent extending from Tehran to Damascus and Beirut, passing through Baghdad, using its proxies in the region. The researcher focused on Iranian intervention in Syria since the outbreak of the Syrian revolution in 2011, through the Iranian militia and its affiliated militias spread across the entire Syrian geography, and demonstrated the impact of these militias on the field positioning in Syria.

The most important economic means through which Iran was able to assert its control over Syria were also studied.

The numerical compound is a type of mixed compound, and it has rules related to it. The composition of fifteen is famous in grammar books, and words that are similar to it in construction and composition are based on it. This research deals with those rules in an attempt to collect what is scattered from it, and mention the grammarians’ sayings about it, following the descriptive approach in collecting and studying them. The study concluded that the composition of fifteen and what is similar to it are merely verbal compositions, because the second noun includes the meaning of the conjunction, and it is intended in meaning. They are two nouns, each one of them is unique in some meaning, and therefore they are built together on the opening, and it is not distinguished from other numerical compounds. Perhaps its use in grammar books until it became a science in its own right is due to its lightness in pronunciation and ease on the tongue, and it has no other technical reason.

People with special needs, such as the deaf and hard-of-hearing, are one of the special groups that has recently received increasing attention at most levels and levels. This group suffers from numerous social and academic problems, the most complex and difficult of which relate to their linguistic aspects. This has led researchers and those interested in this group to attempt to devise numerous methods to treat these problems and reduce their linguistic difficulties. Following the approach of those who preceded us in the field of scientific research, the researcher prepared this study, which aims to verify the effectiveness of a program based on developing nonverbal skills in hearing-impaired children to improve their linguistic development. The study involved a sample of (31) hearing-impaired children aged between (7-10) years. The quasi-experimental approach was used, utilizing a scale of nonverbal communication skills and a program developed by the researcher based on these skills. The researcher also used several statistical methods to achieve the study's objectives, including the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and Wilcoxon test. The results of this study demonstrated the effectiveness of this program and the improvement of linguistic development among the group that underwent the training program. The research results also showed that:

There are statistically significant differences at the significance level ( 0.01) between the mean ranks of the experimental group children's scores on the pre- and post-tests of nonverbal communication skills and their total score in favor of the post-test.
There were no statistically significant differences at the significance level (0.01) between the mean ranks of the experimental group children's scores on the post- and post-tests of nonverbal communication skills and their total score.

The banking sector plays an important role in the economic environment of any country, whether developed or developing. It is considered the main driver of the general economy. Due to this great importance, most countries are trying to impose control over the banking sector's activities. However, the results of previous international and local studies have demonstrated the shortcomings and low level of internal control in this sector, which has led to the collapse of many international banks. Hence, this study aimed to identify the reasons for the shortcomings in the performance of the internal control function in Libyan commercial banks. This was done by conducting a field study on a sample of commercial banks in Benghazi, in addition to external auditors registered with the Banking and Monetary Control Department of the Central Bank of Libya, and employees of the Audit Bureau specialized in auditing commercial banks in Benghazi. The study concluded that there are reasons that led to this shortcoming, and they were identified according to relative importance as weak internal audit departments, weak administrative procedures, and weak oversight role of the Central Bank. It concluded that the quality of accounting procedures followed in the banking sector is not one of the reasons for this shortcoming.

The current study aimed to identify the reasons for infertility among newlyweds in Ajloun Governorate from their perspectives. The researchers adopted a descriptive approach. To achieve the study's objective, a questionnaire consisting of (22) paragraphs comprising four dimensions was constructed, and its validity and reliability were verified. The study tool was applied to the study population of newlyweds in 2023, totaling (388) individuals. After analyzing the data using SPSS, the overall score for reasons for infertility among newlyweds was moderate, with an arithmetic mean of (3.29) and a standard deviation of (0.20). The results showed no statistically significant differences at the level of (α≥0.05) in newlyweds' views of the reasons for not having children based on age, with the exception of economic reasons, where the value of (F) reached (1.28), with a significance level of (α = 0.04) in favor of the category (under 18 years of age). This result is attributed to the fact that newlyweds who are younger and less experienced at the beginning of their married life are in greater need of advice, guidance, and an explanation of the legal purpose of marriage and its objectives, as well as the importance of preserving offspring.

The study reached a set of recommendations, including: religious awareness of the legal purposes of marriage in Islam; inclusion of pregnant women under the umbrella of free health insurance; encouraging birth control, rather than birth control or abstinence; providing advice and guidance from specialized family centers; and providing psychological support to those about to get married.

Production and consumption patterns are among the most important legal and economic issues in sustainable development. The world is characterized by the prevalence of consumerist tendencies in industrially advanced countries, on the one hand, and unsustainable production patterns, on the other hand, deplete natural resources, both in developed and developing countries. Therefore, it has become necessary to bring about a radical change in production and consumption policies to conserve resources and make them available to the entire world population, provided that they remain available for future generations. The responsibility for conserving natural resources falls on industrially advanced countries, which increase the consumption of a large proportion of these resources through their intensive and extensive production, while developing countries exert all their efforts to secure the basic needs of their populations. This is a right linked to the right to self-determination, as resources are used to raise the standard of living, while participation in development and benefiting from it is considered a right of individuals, as they are the inalienable focus of the development process with economic, social, cultural and political dimensions, with the aim of providing a minimum standard of living.

This study addressed the application of Total Quality Management (TQM) methods in the tax process and their effectiveness in achieving taxpayer satisfaction at the Unified Tax Center in Khartoum State. A questionnaire was used as a data collection tool. The research followed a descriptive and analytical approach to analyze the data. The study reached several conclusions, including: The weak trust between the Unified Tax Center and taxpayers is due to the administrative style used and the weak application of TQM methods, which contributed to the low level of desired or appropriate satisfaction among Sudanese taxpayers. The study recommended the need to expand the establishment of unified tax centers across Sudan, generalize the application of the self-assessment system and excellent packages that lead to the development of tax work, continue to develop and enhance the capabilities of the comprehensive inspector, and pay attention to the human cadres in general.

This study aims to examine the development of the banking system in Sudan. The problem of the study was that, despite the early emergence of the Sudanese banking system, there were numerous problems that hindered its development. The study assumed that the development experienced by the banking system was sufficient to achieve its objectives.

The study adopted a descriptive, analytical, historical approach to highlight the development of the banking system in Sudan.

The study concluded that the development that has occurred in the banking system in Sudan in various aspects is considered a positive development that has contributed to the mobilization and allocation of financial resources in the country, thus contributing to the development process.

The study recommends further reform of the banking system's policies to achieve further development and progress.

This study discusses the organization of the Independent National Conference, held on January 15, 1993, in the Chadian capital, N'Djamena. The conference aimed to discuss all national issues, including aspects related to the transition to a state of institutions. Therefore, the researcher focused on studying the conference's role in shaping the institutions of the Chadian state. The research problem revolves around the following question: What is the role of the Independent National Conference in shaping the institutions of the Chadian state?

The study aims to highlight the role played by the Independent National Conference in shaping the institutions of the Chadian state, examine its findings and recommendations, and focus on the most important public institutions that the conference participants recommended. Given the nature of the study, the researcher relied on the descriptive analytical approach. The researcher used legal sources and documents, scientific references, previous studies, and political decisions to gather his information. The study was divided into three main axes. The first axis includes an introductory overview of the Republic of Chad. The second axis reviewed the formation and organization of the Independent National Congress. The third axis addressed the results and recommendations of the Independent National Congress. The researcher concluded several important findings, the most important of which are:

The Independent National Congress recommended the formation of four main institutions for the transitional period: the Presidency of the Republic, the Prime Minister's Office, the Supreme Transitional Council, and the judiciary.
The conferees concluded that the focus should be on a democratic system based on multipartyism, in which the people alone hold power and are the ones who have the right to self-determination.

A decentralized system should be adopted in the administration of the various Chadian regions to avoid regional and local problems.
Justice must be a right guaranteed to all without the slightest bias toward any particular party, and the institutions represented by the executive, legislative, and judicial bodies must achieve this. The 1996 Constitution and the popular referendum on it are considered among the most important recommendations of the Independent National Conference held on January 15, 1993.

This research deals with the study of the issue of determining money in terms of its nature, how it is realized, and its impact on contemporary financial transaction applications in Islamic banks. It also examines the opinions of the imams of the schools of jurisprudence on it, studies their evidence, and highlights the choice of Imam Al-Qarafi in it and his justification for it. It also deals with its impact on the most important issues of contemporary financial transactions that were a subject of controversy among contemporary jurists, such as: current deposits in Islamic banks, bank transfers, agency in the organized tawarruq contract, mortgaging money, and endowing money.

Foreign policy can be defined as the outcome of a conscious process of policymaking carried out by agencies operating in the field of foreign policy, influenced by a range of internal and external variables. These variables do not produce their effects automatically, but foreign policymakers adapt to them. Given the complexities of the foreign policymaking process in the international community under study, the actors involved in foreign policymaking vary between formal and informal actors.

This means that analyzing American foreign policy requires identifying the pattern of relations and determining the relative weight of the power of each of these agencies and institutions in formulating that policy. Given that the American presidential system is based on the individual authority of the executive branch, in accordance with the constitutional powers granted to the president in Article II of the Constitution, our research is limited to the role of the American president in foreign policymaking. The constitutional practice of the paragraphs derived from Article II demonstrates that the American president exercises the power to initiate foreign policymaking (paragraph 1) through policy statements and initiatives issued by the president (first) and a proposal he submits to the legislative branch (second). The authority to implement foreign policy (second paragraph) through responding to international events (first) and its relationship with the National Council (second).