This research paper seeks to shed light on the use of distance learning in universities during the COVID-19 pandemic as an important mechanism related to the use of information and communication technology (ICT), which is considered one of the most important modern trends in crisis management, especially as it is a factor in adapting to change. The paper relies on a descriptive and analytical approach to study the experiences of several Arab countries, such as Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Tunisia, Egypt, and Algeria, during the COVID-19 crisis. It also attempts to clarify the challenges facing Arab universities, drawing on the Algerian experience. Among the most important findings of the study is that distance learning is an important mechanism for the continuity of education at all levels, especially university education, maintaining its quality and continuing the learning process during crises.

This research aims to explore the use of technology in raising mothers' awareness of the prevalence of speech disorders among children with intellectual disabilities in Al-Jazeera locality in Sudan. To achieve this goal, the researcher used the descriptive approach. The researcher used the speech disorders scale prepared by the researcher (2023) via electronic media. The research sample consisted of (30) mothers of children, including males and females, who were chosen intentionally. After collecting the data, it was processed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results showed the following: Speech disorders are highly prevalent among children with intellectual disabilities in the study sample in Al-Kamleen locality. There are differences in the prevalence of speech disorders between males and females among children with intellectual disabilities in the study sample in Al-Kamleen locality in favor of males. There is a statistically significant correlation between the prevalence of speech disorders and the mother's education level among children with intellectual disabilities in the study sample in Al-Kamleen locality. The researcher concluded by presenting a number of recommendations, the most important of which are: Strengthening the role of psychological and educational counselors through intensive courses to raise family awareness of speech disorders among children with intellectual disabilities and training them to deal with them.

The current study aimed to understand distance learning via the e-learning platform from the perspective of master's students at the University of Medea. The study was conducted on a sample of first-year master's students. To collect data, a questionnaire was developed to determine students' attitudes toward distance learning via the e-learning platform. The study sample consisted of 30 male and female students. The study also reached the following results:

- Master's students' attitudes toward distance learning via the e-learning platform were positive (high).

- There were no differences in students' views of distance learning via e-learning platforms based on gender.

Presence of precise organelle DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts became recognized over 3 years ago, proliferation of chloroplast DNA was first validated by the means of Chun et al, illustration of nuclear manipulation of the human mitochondrial genome chloroplast gene transcription managed transcription of cpDNA genes via the means of various factors from the nuclear basis, the number one elements affecting the transcription of cpDNA genes are NEP polymerase and non-intermediate subunits of PEP polymerase, where we explain the mechanism transporting barrel proteins from the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) through the TOM complex, and associated with chaperones TIM small cells within the IMS side and inserted into the OMM via sorting means and meeting equipment (SAM), we additionally annotate the chloroplast genome genes for some proteins required for the transcription and translation of encoded genes and, at the extreme, genes for photosynthesis, the locus of these repeats determines the site of unpaired reproduction the short (SSC) and extended unpaired reproductive site (LSC) in the chloroplast genome, leuco = white; plast = living) are colorless plastids that are identified in embryonic and germ cells.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of blood sugar level, cumulative sugar on for diabetic patients of Non- Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus and study the change of the physiological and biochemical parameter as (BMI,CBC,TG,LDL,LHL, protein total, Albumin contact) for the patients. The study was conducted on a group of patients from El-Gubba city from within El-Mina General Hospital, where samples were collected, analyzes and tests were performed on patients, the study included 180 for males from type 2 with ages ranging from 30 to 50 years and classification depended to the weight for three group (G1) include 60 patients the range weight from60 to 75 kilogram and (G2) include 60 patients the weight 75-90 kilogram . and the( G3) include 90 to +100 kilogram and were also taken from 20 healthy people they had the same age and weight around 60 kilogram and this group was free from diabetes or other diseases, so it was considered a control group. The results of the study showed that there was no significant effect for the period of infection in patients, the result showed that asignificant differences (P≤0.05) in BMI between the three groups G1,G2,G3 when comparing with the control group , when comparing G1 with the control group we founded there was no significant differernt in the BMI. As the results showed a significant differences at (P≤0.05 ) between the G1,G2,G3 with control groupsit was found that there were significant differences for the blood groups (WBC/PLT/HB) The results showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in both the FBS,HbA1c level in diabetic patients, comparison with the control group, when comparison the G3 had the heist concentration than G1,G2 comparison with the control group .The results shown indicate a significant increase (P≤0.01) in the rate of concentration (LDL) and (HDL) in G2and G3 more than G1 ,while the first group, had similar result to the control group, The results shown indicate a significant increase(p≤0.05) When comparing the three weight groups, we find that the concentration of TG , increases as the weight of the patients increases , The results shown indicate a significant increase(p≤0.05) in Total protein, Albumin concentration for G2,G3 than G1 when compared the G1with the control group we founded no significant differences.

The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) serves as the guardian of international humanitarian law, a complex role closely linked to the founding of the committee itself and later formally entrusted to it by the international community. This article presents the various aspects of the historical development of the ICRC's work. We address the origins and historical development of the ICRC, review in detail its activities during the First and Second World Wars, and review its most important achievements and successful interventions in sparing humanity the barbarity of war.

In this research, we will study the system of distribution transport equations for an incompressible fluid in the Bezos function space B_2,1^0 (Definition 2.2.4). We will use for the proof the idea that the first author [12] of this research relied on.

The Etiquette of Dialogue in the Holy Quran. The study aims to elevate the value of dialogue as the most successful means by which everyone can reach a formula for resolving issues and disputes. Its importance lies in demonstrating the effective role dialogue has played since the dawn of Islam to the present day.
The paper includes an introduction, a preface, and three chapters. The first chapter addresses the definition of dialogue and debate, their concepts, and the definition of debate and argument. The second chapter delves into examples of dialogue in the Holy Quran, and the third chapter addresses the etiquette of dialogue. The researcher followed an analytical inductive approach, tracing the material from its original sources and references, demonstrating this with the statements of scholars.
In conclusion, the study concluded that one of the most important reasons and justifications for dialogue is that it is a legitimate means of conveying the message of Islam and carrying the trust to God Almighty. It is also a scientific necessity imposed by the global reality based on communication between nations and peoples, as well as interaction and interdependence among them. This requires Muslims engaging in dialogue to understand others and their reality, and to recognize and deal with the facts. The study demonstrates that Muslims can, through dialogue, redefine the fundamental issues of Islam. This is because the Quran fundamentally conveys scientific and practical rulings for life.
The study concluded with several recommendations, including:
Study the types of dialogue mentioned in the Book of God and the Sunnah of His Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him) and follow their example in our dialogues.
Be keen on what was transmitted to us from the righteous predecessors, including the Companions (may God be pleased with them), the Followers (may God have mercy on them), and other scholars of the ummah, as they were the most rigorous in adhering to the etiquette of dialogue in their speech.

Academic achievement is related to the self, and psychology has become one of the fields that constitute the interest of educators, as it is one of the most important results of the educational process. This research aimed to know the relationship between the academic self and psychological security among students of the University of Nilein in Khartoum State. For this purpose, two scales were applied: the academic self, prepared by the researchers, and psychological security, prepared by Fahd Al-Dulaim and others (1993). They were used on a sample of (435), including (182) male students and (253) female students from the University of Nilein in Khartoum State. The sample was taken using the proportional random method, and the data were processed statistically using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) program, using the (t) test for the mean of one community, the difference between the means of two independent groups, and the (Cronbach’s Alfa and Sperman-Brown) equations. It also indicated the existence of a positive correlation between the total score of the dimensions of psychological security and the total score of the dimensions of academic self among students, while the results of this study, on the other hand, did not reach a statistically significant interaction between the gender variable (male/female students) and the levels of academic self and levels of psychological security. The dimensions of the academic self (resisting frustration, perseverance, cognitive mental skills) were able to predict the total score of psychological security for the student. The results of the study were also discussed, and some recommendations were suggested, the most important of which is enhancing the feeling of psychological security among students through social and academic activities and programs that occupy free time and raise the level of achievement.

The paper addressed the impact of climate change on the Sudanese economy. The paper aimed to describe and analyze the effects of climate change on Sudan, identify and analyze the economic impact of these changes, draw some recommendations to reduce the impact of climate change on the Sudanese economy, and propose some future research in this field. The paper uses both the historical and descriptive approaches to understand the concept of climate change and its development. It also uses the analytical approach and the case study approach to identify the extent of the impact of climate change on the Sudanese economy. The paper reached a set of results, the most important of which is that the emission of carbon dioxide into the upper atmosphere has accelerated the pace of climate change and the negative impact of climate change on the reduction of the plant sector in Sudan. The paper came out with a set of recommendations, the most important of which is to continue studying the different climatic regions in Sudan, with the necessary programs and mechanisms for each, and to develop agricultural development programs that take into account the expected climate changes and avoid their negative effects.

The impact of publishing houses on children's literature and children's culture Some studies have indicated that the emergence of Arabic children's literature was delayed until the late nineteenth century and was greatly influenced by the French, English, and European culture and writings that reached us in general. We agree that children's literature written in the Arab and Islamic world was late in its time; but Islam paid attention to children's literature and their upbringing.

This study aimed to investigate the impact of microfinance on poverty reduction in Sudan, applying it to East Darfur State. The main problem is to determine the extent to which microfinance contributes to poverty reduction by identifying its role in improving the standard of living in Sudan. The study hypothesizes the existence of a statistically significant positive relationship between microfinance and poverty rates, and that microfinance leads to an improvement in the standard of living in Sudan. To test this hypothesis, the study used data collected using a questionnaire distributed to the study sample. The main results indicated a positive relationship between microfinance and poverty rates, and that microfinance leads to an improvement in the standard of living in the study area. The study's most important recommendations include focusing on the poor and low-income groups and enabling them to easily access microfinance; focusing on training small producers and entrepreneurs on how to select appropriate projects, prepare feasibility studies, and manage projects; focusing on women, students, and graduates and providing them with the necessary financing for their activities; reconsidering the guarantees used in financing to suit the circumstances of the poor and the nature of their activities; and developing types of guarantees that suit the circumstances of the poor, artisans, women, and youth, especially the group guarantee system, similar to the experience of Grameen Bank.

The study aimed to identify the importance of intellectual capital in achieving organizational development in organizations: Analytical and descriptive comparisons of a group of previous studies covering the period (2015-2022). Its importance became clear in the need to encourage business organizations to increase their interest in their intellectual capital by developing and investing it optimally in achieving organizational improvement and development processes in all their practical, administrative, and strategic activities. The problem was that the failure of some organizations to achieve continuous organizational development processes is due to many reasons, including their lack of interest in preserving their intellectual capital, as well as not developing it or utilizing it in developing their various activities. In addition, the weak administrative model or approach used, which does not care about utilizing it in formulating developmental strategic plans or making strategic decisions that greatly concern them in all the various strategic factors and activities they engage in in the local or international labor markets. The study used the descriptive analytical comparative approach. The study reached a number of results, the most important of which are: (1) The importance of intellectual capital in bringing about organizational development in organizations. (2) The existence of a role for intellectual capital in enhancing the process of making strategic decisions in organizations. (3) The existence of a role for intellectual capital in achieving competitive advantage in organizations. Finally, the study recommended the following: (2) The senior leadership of organizations should grant their intellectual capital the powers of development and strategic change in their various functional activities. (3) Business organizations should form a specialized team to brainstorm from their intellectual capital to create development ideas and develop appropriate solutions to all the problems they face in all areas of their current or future business.

This research paper aims to shed light on the role played by administrative decentralization in France, by granting elected officials broader scope and significant powers in territorial management and administration. This has had a positive impact on local democracy, which has produced elites who have contributed to the management of territorial public affairs by reducing the authority of guardianship and making prefects assistants to local administrators, rather than their guardians, as was the case before. This is most clearly evident in the oversight role of territorial communities, particularly the judicial branch, whereby the judge has become a refuge for stakeholders at the territorial level and an arbitrator between those appointed and those elected by the ballot box in the event of a dispute or conflict between them.

The research aims to study the academic achievement of students with intellectual disabilities in mathematics and Arabic. The aim is to identify the most significant forms of educational difficulties facing these students, particularly since the problem of intellectual disability has raised many methodological and scientific questions, resulting in curricula and methods that are compatible with the nature of thinking and aim to advance this group within the educational environment. This is particularly true given that this group has demonstrated numerous cognitive skills and abilities and achieved numerous accomplishments. The research yielded mixed results regarding the academic achievement of students with intellectual disabilities in Arabic and mathematics at the primary level. This group faces many difficulties in Arabic, while achieving positive results in mathematics, which facilitates the process of school integration for this group through the latter subject.

The aim of the research was to identify the general characteristic of exam anxiety among students admitted to Omdurman Islamic University, and to identify the differences in exam anxiety attributed to the gender of students, the type of college, and the level of parents' education. The research used the descriptive approach, and the sample was selected using a simple random method, and its size amounted to (150) male and female students, who were selected from the colleges of education, arts, medicine, and pharmacy. Using the exam anxiety scale of Al-Zarrad and Al-Safti, the following results were reached: Exam anxiety among students admitted to Omdurman Islamic University is high, and there are differences in exam anxiety among students admitted to special admission (males and females) in favor of females. There are differences in exam anxiety among students admitted to special admission (theoretical colleges and applied colleges), in favor of students admitted to applied colleges, and there are no differences in exam anxiety attributed to the level of parents' education. The research recommended several recommendations, including: paying attention to academic guidance programs to reduce the severity of stress and exam anxiety on students.

This research covers the virtues of patience in the face of illness and its health benefits in Islamic law and medicine. In His wisdom, God Almighty has made this world a place of changing conditions, alternating stages and phases. Joy is followed by sadness, ease is followed by hardship, illness is followed by well-being, and separation is followed by reunion, whether in this world or in the Hereafter. This is how God intended it as a trial and test for His servants. As such, the need for patience is a clear worldly necessity and a binding religious obligation. Affliction with misfortune and the befalling of calamity are inevitable; they are a divine law dictated by His wisdom, glory be to Him. It is from His mercy that He informed His servants of the virtues of patience in His Noble Book, in order to prepare them for calamities before they occur, thus mitigating and facilitating their suffering when they do occur. Islam, medicine, and all divine laws encourage people to be patient in the face of illness, due to its many virtues and great benefits for the individual and society as a whole. However, despite all of this, Satan and the human soul whisper to the sick person until he despairs and asks, "What benefit will patience bring me in this world or the hereafter?" "What is the benefit of patience in the face of illnesses?" "Does patience ward off illness and distress?" "And Satan wants to tempt the sick person and encourage him to kill himself!" The issue is very serious and requires such scientific research to ward off Satan's plots and enable the sick person to be patient with the illness and anxiety that has befallen him, and to attain the virtue of patience and the great reward and immense benefits that Allah has prepared for the patient. Being patient leads to a sense of balance and clarity of mind, enabling the person to interact with those around him, and this is what this article discusses.

The study aimed to identify the best programs used to preserve researchers' intellectual property rights and to develop a scientific model that graduate colleges at universities in the Kordofan sector can follow to register for various degrees, avoid duplication, and protect researchers' literary rights from plagiarism and illegal borrowing. The study's problem can be summarized in the main question:
How can plagiarism programs be employed to detect plagiarism and the repetition of similar research topics among researchers?
The study used a descriptive approach, and data collection relied on observation, interviews, and other secondary sources. Among the most important findings are:
Plagiarism detection programs have contributed significantly to uncovering the phenomenon of plagiarism. Most cases of plagiarism are limited to inappropriate plagiarism without adhering to the minimum permitted limit. The lack of digital archiving of research topics at Sudanese universities has contributed to the growth of plagiarism.
The study recommended the following:
Using more digital scanning programs to detect plagiarism, controlling duplicate research topics at universities in the Kordofan sector, enforcing strict laws against researchers who violate intellectual property rights, and publicly denouncing those who plagiarize others' work in various media outlets.

This study aims to identify the proposed vision for selecting transformational leaders for education directorates, its challenges and impact on the future, to come out with proposals and procedures that help in selecting transformational leaders, through analyzing and reviewing previous research, studies and educational literature that addressed topics related to the current study. The current study relies on analyzing educational literature related to the subject of the current study through the analytical approach. In light of the results of previous studies, the current study presented educational proposals for selecting transformational leaders based on five criteria: skills and personal characteristics, academic qualifications and years of work experience, ethics, evaluation, and competencies. The study came out with several recommendations, the most important of which are: holding continuous qualification and training programs for educational leaders; To keep pace with modern developments, technological progress, and global changes, such as leadership ethics, the art of dealing with others, modern management skills, the art of inspiring leadership, self-management, and the development of criteria for selecting education directors, thus contributing to the selection of transformational leaders, professional training and development programs for education directors should focus on leadership in general and transformational leadership in particular. These programs should include ideal (charismatic) influence skills, inspirational motivation skills, intellectual stimulation skills, and individual attention skills. .

The study addressed the role of applying open book accounting in supporting the competitive advantage of the supply chain. The study aimed to demonstrate the relationship between the application of open book accounting and supporting the competitive advantage of the supply chain. The main hypothesis of the study was the existence of a statistical relationship between the application of open book accounting and supporting the competitive advantage of the supply chain. The study used the descriptive approach and correlation testing to test its hypotheses and reached several results, including the existence of a relationship between the application of open book accounting and supporting the competitive advantage of the supply chain. Both the supplier and the buyer disclose their revenues and the quality of their products, while the supplier only discloses the cost of their products. The study recommended the necessity of finding a mechanism to ensure the application of open book accounting in all Sudanese industrial establishments so that this contributes to enhancing trust between suppliers and buyers, creates cooperation between them, and ensures the integrity of sufficient data disclosure.

The image of reality is clearly evident in the collection "Echoes of Sorrows" by Hassan Mohammed Hassan Al-Zahrani. This collection is an echo of his sorrows and griefs, and it reveals the crisis of contemporary man, who is not detached from his reality but rather expresses it, observing the nation's bitter harvest. The study is based on three main axes: it highlights the social reality, the political reality, and the religious and cultural reality. The poet emulated the ancient poetic style in expressing political and cultural realities, while his language approached prose in addressing social and religious realities.

The paper included an introduction and four chapters. The introduction dealt with an overview of the impact of the Islamic call on the Darfur region. The first chapter dealt with the definition of the study area. In the second chapter of the paper, I was keen to present the religious and tribal reality. In the third chapter, I explained the geographical location of Darfur and its political history. In the fourth chapter, I pointed out the importance of voluntary work in calling to God Almighty, religious activity and its concept. I then concluded this study with the most important results I reached, including the efforts made by Islamic scholars and intellectuals to clarify the meaning of the tribe from a religious perspective in order to reject tribalism, division and dispersion. Working on the interests of the people and achieving their interests is an inevitable matter and a great duty for preachers, which they achieve in this world and will be rewarded for it in the hereafter. Among the most important recommendations is that the preacher should regulate his work according to two principles: the established Sharia texts and the Sharia objectives. Activating the role of the civil administration and giving it full powers that help it maintain security and order in their regions.

This study addressed the role of home farming in improving the standard of living in Port Sudan. It aimed to identify the components of home farming in the study area and the types of agricultural products, the role of the government in developing home farming, identifying its role in improving the standard of living, identifying the obstacles to home farming and finding solutions to address them. The researchers used the statistical approach and the social survey approach, using primary sources such as questionnaires, interviews and observation, in addition to secondary sources such as books, scientific dissertations and the Internet. The study reached several results, the most important of which are that soil, water and the use of organic fertilizers are its most important components. It is concentrated in the central sector and then the southern sector and decreases in the eastern sector due to water scarcity and soil salinity. It is practiced by productive age groups of men, women and youth at different educational levels, especially higher education levels. It contributes to providing food, improving the income level of families and social cohesion in the study area. The government role is minimal and it faces challenges represented by soil salinity, water scarcity, climate factors especially in summer and lack of capital. Its most important recommendations are to localize the culture of home farming in all neighborhoods of the study area, establish a system of agricultural partnerships between citizens within residential neighborhoods to exchange products and create greater social cohesion, establish new water harvesting projects to provide water for agriculture and introduce poultry farming into the agricultural system, and focus on government agricultural guidance and supervision to increase production by raising awareness among citizens of the importance of home farming and benefiting from countries' experiences in this field to achieve the greatest possible economic and social benefits.

Leucaena leucocephala trees are commonly used for reforestation of degraded lands, but they have recently been listed among the top 100 invasive alien species worldwide. Due to their rapid spread in the Jabal Al Akhdar region, two experiments (laboratory and pot) were conducted to test the chemical antagonism of aqueous extracts at a concentration of (10, 15, 20%) and raw powder added to the soil at a concentration of 10% of (leaves, seeds, and bark) of Leucaena trees on the germination and development of barley seedlings (local - Aksad). The results showed highly significant differences in reducing the germination percentage and reducing the lengths of the root and shoot for the two varieties. The results of adding the raw powder also showed a decrease in the percentage of seedling emergence, the lengths of the root and vegetative groups, and the fresh weights of the seedlings for the two varieties compared to the control. The leaves and seeds also caused an increase in the concentration of chlorophyll (a, b), and carotenoids, while the chlorophyll content decreased. Carotenes were added to the two varieties by adding bark powder. It was noted that the highest inhibition rates were in the leaves, and that the Aksad variety was the most sensitive.

In this research, use the time series models to Create Arima Model Gross domestic product (GDP) at current price Petroleum Refining  2010 – 2022.

The results showed that the model is the appropriate model for the series of Arima Model Gross domestic product (GDP) at current price Petroleum Refining is :ARIMA (0,1,0)

According to the estimation results of this model, we observe the compatibility between observed and estimated values as these values are consistent with those in the original time series, indicating the strength of the model and predictability.