This article examines the complex dynamics of Iran’s nuclear ambitions within the context of neoclassical realism, highlighting the interplay between systemic pressures and domestic political factors. It argues that while external threats from regional rivals and Western sanctions incentivize Iran’s pursuit of nuclear capabilities, internal factional politics significantly shape policy outcomes. 

The study explores how hardline factions advocate for aggressive nuclear postures in response to perceived threats, while moderate elements may favor diplomatic engagement. By analyzing Iran’s historical context, ideological motivations, and strategic behavior, the article provides a comprehensive understanding of the implications of Iran’s nuclear development for regional and global security.

The study aims to identify the reality of marital silence among a sample of couples, and to identify the significance of the differences in couples’ responses depending on gender and educational qualifications in the Amman governorate. The sample consisted of (472) male and female couples who were selected in a simple random manner. The marital silence scale prepared by researchers was applied and psychometric properties were extracted. The results of the study showed that the reality of the spread of the phenomenon of marital silence among couples in the Amman Governorate was low, with apparent differences between the averages of the responses of the study members regarding the reality of the spread of the phenomenon of marital silence among couples in the Amman Governorate according to the variables (gender, the educational qualification of the husband, and the educational qualification of the wife). There are statistically significant differences at the level (α≤0.05) between the average estimates of the study individuals on the total score of the tool due to the educational qualification of the spouse and in favor of the individuals with the educational qualification (secondary) with a higher arithmetic average. Also, there are no statistically significant differences at the level (α≤0.05) between the averages of the study members’ estimates on the total score of the tool attributable to the wife’s academic qualification.

This study, titled “The Shariah Guidelines for Banking Services in Islamic Banks in Palestine: A Case Study on Money Transfers,” aims to outline the Shariah guidelines for banking services related to money transfers offered by Islamic banks in Palestine, and to assess the extent to which these banks adhere to these guidelines. The study employs a comprehensive methodology that combines both inductive and analytical approaches to analyze the Shariah guidelines and derive their legal interpretation. The research is divided into two main chapters: the first addresses the concept and history of Islamic banks in Palestine, while the second discusses money transfers, their legal interpretation, and the related Shariah guidelines. The study concludes with several key findings, among the most prominent of which is that the closest contract to money transfers is the agency contract, which is a contract of donation. However, if the agent stipulates a fee from the principal, this condition is valid and binding, based on the legal principle: “The agent is entitled to a fee if it is stipulated in the agency contract or if he serves for a fee.” However, the fee is constrained by the legal principle: “The fee for the agency must be within the actual service fee limits.” 

This study examines the role of the Jordanian Penal Code in reducing crime rates in Jordan by exploring the relationship between legislative developments and rising crime rates. The research reviews the evolution of the Penal Code from its enactment in 1960 to recent amendments, analyzing the impact of stricter penalties and their enforcement on general and specific deterrence. It also addresses challenges undermining the effectiveness of the law, including socio-economic factors. The study aims to assess the extent to which the Penal Code achieves justice, deterrence, and social regulation and offers recommendations to enhance its effectiveness.

The study aimed to identify the level of psychological immunity and the positive self and the relationship between them among male and female physical education teachers in the northern governorates/Palestine.

Methods: The descriptive and correlational approach was used due to its suitability to the objectives of the study. The sample consisted of (500) physical education teachers in the northern governorates of Palestine. The (Al-Sharif, 2016) scale, and the (Gebrini, 2021) psychological immunity scale.

Results: The results of the study found that the arithmetic mean was high (3.78) for psychological immunity and the positive self)3.88).

Conclusion: The study recommended that attention be paid to conducting studies similar to the current study to develop psychological immunity among male and female physical education teachers, and the development of psychological immunity and the positive self, and the need to provide teachers with training programs, workshops, and training units related to the development of psychological immunity and the self in developing the positive psychological and psychological aspects of teachers.

Some legislations have dealt with special provisions and laws for some contracts related to real estate and construction, including the “contract for the sale of real estate under construction”, which is considered a relatively modern contract, and is a contract that combines a contracting contract and a sale contract, but it is predominantly of a sale nature; because the desired goal of this contract is to transfer ownership of the building that is still under construction to the buyer, and looking at it from another perspective, we find that it takes an aspect of the contracting contract, when constructing or completing the building that is the subject of the contract, and we find that when paying the price it represents the sale contract, and the name of this contract differs from one legislation to another, and in comparison at the local level, we did not find a special name for it in Libyan legislation; because the Libyan legislator did not name this contract, and did not organize special provisions to organize it, which prompted us to try to find the necessary protection for the buyer in this contract in Libyan legislation; Similar to some legislations that have organized it in their laws, and to also search for the obligations that fall on the seller in this contract, and the guarantees arising from it in favor of the buyer in Libyan legislation, and since these obligations that fall on the seller in the contract for the sale of real estate under construction are similar to the obligations that fall in the normal sale contract, we tried to search for other obligations specific to this contract and search for the guarantees that guarantee the buyer his right to a greater extent than what is found in the normal sale contract; due to the special nature of this contract.

The research is titled “The Impermissibility of Declension in Certain Derived Numerical Terms” and adopts a deductive and analytical methodology. Through the study, it became evident that grammarians have varied in their classifications of declension based on several considerations, as follows:

1. In proper nouns, such as “Omar.”
2. In indefinite nouns, as in numerical terms like “dual” (muthanna).
3. Some grammarians consider it realized in forms like “three” (thalath) and “triangular” (muthallath), while others view it as implicit, as in “Omar.”

As for Sibawayh, he referred to the concept of “declension prevention” (‘adl) as a “restriction” (hadd), and the modified noun is described as “restricted” (muhaddad). He states about terms like ‘Umar and Zufar: “They are restricted from the structure to which they are most suited…”

This study titled “What Is Measurement Is Performing a Jurisprudential Study” came in an introduction, two studies, and a conclusion that included the most important findings and recommendations. In the first section, it dealt with the concept of measurement, its importance and pillars, and the most correct of what was said in it are three definitions: the definition of al-Baidawi in the curriculum, Ibn al-Hajeb in his summary, and Ibn al-Sabki In the collection of mosques, and the difference in it is verbal, and in the second topic I talked about the authority of analogy and what is being measured in it, and she preferred the public saying that it is an argument and one of the principles of Islamic legislation, and that it takes place in both the limits and atonements, substitution and capabilities and the provisions of some acts of worship, licenses, and languages, And mentalities, and it does not take place in all the provisions, or the normal and moral matters, or which are not intended to work, and it does not take place in the barriers, causes, and conditions.

This study aimed to know the impact of the quality of tourism services on customer relationship management in several hotels in Libya. The descriptive analytical approach was used and data was collected by a questionnaire distributed to a sample of 36 administrative workers in Libyan hotels. The study concluded that the level of quality of tourism services in its dimensions (tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, emotional empathy) in Libyan hotels was high, as well as the level of customer relationship management in its dimensions (relationship marketing, creating value for customers, marketing databases) in Libyan hotels was high, while the application of customer retention strategies was at an average level. There is a statistically significant effect of the quality of tourism services in its dimensions (tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, emotional empathy) on customer relationship management in its dimensions (relationship marketing, creating value for customers, marketing databases, and customer retention strategies) in Libya at a significance level (0.05 ≥a)” and this effect is positive.

This study aims to explore the role of television advertising on Toyor Al Janah satellite channels in enhancing purchasing needs among Saudi children. The study utilized a descriptive survey methodology with a standardized questionnaire administered to 200 Saudi mothers. It analyzed factors such as children’s advertisement viewing habits, motives for watching, and the impact of advertisements on purchasing decisions. Results indicated a positive correlation between advertisement exposure and increased purchasing desire, with statistically significant differences based on demographic factors. The study recommended regulating advertising content to promote positive values in children.

The research aims to identify the relationship between eating behavior and some physical abilities and anthropometric measurements for middle school students in Sabha city. The researcher used the descriptive approach. The research sample included (291) students who were randomly selected from among middle school students in some middle schools in Sabha city. The exploratory study was conducted on (24) students, while the main study was conducted on (267) students. The results showed a difference in the level of eating behavior among middle school students in Sabha city. There are statistically significant differences between the averages of the moderate eating behavior group and the non-moderate eating behavior group in weight, body mass index, physical tests and some body measurements, as well as the existence of correlation coefficients between eating behavior and weight, body mass index, physical tests and some body measurements for middle school students in Sabha city. The researcher recommends the need to pay attention to spreading nutritional awareness and learning nutritional patterns for meals with integrated nutritional elements, and to Researchers should conduct more studies on the effect of some types of nutrition on physical abilities as well as anthropometric measurements of students at different educational levels according to age, gender and type of sports activity practiced, and hold educational programs for students on correct nutritional behaviors and educate them on the extent of their impact on physical abilities and body measurements, and researchers should conduct more studies and research on the effect of programs to modify nutritional behaviors and know their effect on body measurements, body mass index, weight and physical abilities of all students at different educational levels

The study aimed to identify the extent of the impact of accounting education in reducing creative accounting practices. The study followed the descriptive analytical approach by collecting data using a questionnaire. The study community was the faculty members of the Accounting Department and external auditors in Libya. (39) Questionnaires were distributed to a sample of faculty members and external auditors working in Misurata. The data was analyzed using appropriate statistical methods using the statistical program (SPSS). The study concluded that academic accounting education does not affect reducing creative accounting practices, while professional accounting education affects reducing creative accounting practices. The study recommended increasing attention to academic accounting education and developing teaching curricula in universities, urging accountants to be honest and objective, and increasing commitment to professional conduct controls that would reduce creative accounting practices.

The study aimed to identify the extent to which the elements of the application of responsibility accounting in the National Investment Company are available, and the study used the descriptive analytical approach, and relied on the questionnaire tool to collect study data, where the study population consisted of the company’s responsibility centers (department manager, office manager, department head, unit head) and the number of 35 employees, the researcher used the random sample, where 30 questionnaires were recovered valid for analysis and the recovery rate was 85%.

. The study reached a set of results, including that there are no elements for the application of the responsibility accounting system in the National Investment Company, despite the existence of an organizational structure prepared according to scientific foundations, which is one of the components of the application of the responsibility accounting system in the National Investment Company, and the company’s use of control methods for performance reports.

An effective incentive system is not available as one of the components of the implementation of the liability accounting system in the National Investment Company.

This study aimed to understand the opinions of math, science, and technology teachers on the role of maker spaces in improving problem-solving skills among students in schools in Jerusalem that have a maker space. The researcher focused on science subjects’ teachers in Jerusalem who teach math, science, and technology. A purposive sample of teachers who use the maker space during their classes was selected, consisting of 30 teachers from three schools which have maker spaces. A questionnaire with 30 items used to collect the data. The results showed a positive relationship between the maker space and students’ problem-solving skills, indicating that the maker space plays a crucial role in developing problem solving skill, according to the teachers. The results also showed no significant differences based on the subject taught or years of experience, which may be due to the joint courses and sessions among those teachers. The study recommended increasing the number of science subject classes in the maker space and conducting more related research.

This study examines the position of Ibn Hisham regarding the views of Kufian grammarians as presented in his book Qatr al-Nada wa-Ball al-Sada. It focuses on the opinions explicitly attributed by Ibn Hisham to the Kufians, encompassing eight grammatical issues distributed across two main sections. The first section includes two issues, while the second addresses six issues, both preceded by an introductory chapter providing a brief biography of Ibn Hisham. The research aims to extract, compile, and analyze these Kufian views and clarify Ibn Hisham’s stance on them. The study employs an inductive, descriptive, and analytical methodology and a structured approach for examining the grammatical issues attributed to the Kufians. Finally, the research concludes with a summary of the key findings.

This research includes talking about an indispensable topic in morphology. It is a study of the meanings of affixes formula, in the form of poetic verse to make it easier for the student to memorize and recall it.

The research aims to establish the knowledge of the student by learning the study of the meanings of the affixes formula, before he begins with other sciences. And helping beginners memorize a few easy verses that they can recall when needed, especially in contemplating the Holy Qur’an.

 The researcher followed the inductive approach; This is done by extrapolating the most famous meanings of additions from morphology books. The researcher also followed the applied approach. By mentioning the applications of the meanings of additions in the Holy Qur’an.

The origin of the universe is a question that has not yet been answered by modern scientific theory. The Holy Quran has presented a comprehensive scientific foundation based on the creation of this universe. This Quran is the ultimate truth revealed by God Almighty to all mankind. It is the Creator of this universe, Who created it, owns it, and is the One Who ordered it and decreed its creation. Thus, if we believe in the existence of God and God Almighty, then we will be satisfied with the existence of God Almighty. So what did Allah create and what did He create in His kingdom and what did He create in His time? And then what happened after the creation of the universe? What ...

The research dealt with the impact of internal marketing on service creativity, a case study of Marouj Food Products Company, Kosti Branch (2024). The research aimed to stand on the role of disseminating marketing information through internal communication methods, and to show the extent of the companies’ management’s interest in internal training for employees, and to know the impact of motivating employees to be creative in their services. The research problem is represented in the following question: What is the impact of internal marketing on service creativity at Marouj Food Industries Company? In light of defining the research problem and knowing the importance of the study and to achieve the objectives, the research assumed a main hypothesis that there is a statistically significant relationship between internal marketing and service creativity, from which three sub-hypotheses emerge as follows: There is a statistically significant relationship between internal communications and service creativity at Marouj Food Products Company. There is a statistically significant relationship between training and service creativity at Marouj Food Products Company. There is a statistically significant relationship between motivation and service creativity at Marouj Food Products Company. The research used the descriptive analytical method. A random sample was selected and (15) questionnaires were distributed to a random sample of the research community, which numbered (26) Terms, from the research results: good coordination between the various departments of Marouj Company regarding market information, the field work needs of Marouj Company are consistent with the objectives of the training courses, Marouj Company has a fair incentive system, the research recommends the necessity of the marketing department obtaining feedback from employees regarding the products, working to enhance the ability of individuals to be creative in work with the help of information and communication technologies in the company, and enhancing service marketing activities within the system of internal training objectives in the company.

The study was conducted on the effect of diammonium phosphate fertilizer on some soil properties and productivity of sorghum in southern Libya, and (Sorghum bicolor) cultivar was selected to conduct this experiment. The effect of fertilizer on yield was tested in eight treatments which are the control, 30 kg/ha, 60 kg/ha, and 90 kg/ha in which the fertilizer was added when planting, and the same quantities were added after two weeks of planting. The pH, electrical conductivity, total and available phosphorous content in the soil, dry weight of the vegetative part of the crop and its chlorophyll content were measured. The fertilizer did not cause significant changes in the soil pH, as the values ​​ranged between 7.08 and 7.4, as well as the electrical conductivity, which ranged between 0.14 and 0.19 dS/m. The results also did not show any significant effects of the treatments on dry weight and chlorophyll content.

This study aims to know the importance of enhancing the competitiveness of small and medium enterprises in Karak Governorate as a mechanism to activate their development role. To achieve the objectives of the study, the descriptive analytical approach was relied upon, by collecting detailed information about the subject of the study, where an important group of previous studies related to the subject of the research were reviewed. The field study method was also relied upon, by conducting many field visits to small and medium enterprises in Karak Governorate and interviewing the managers of the institutions in it with a sample that was determined by 30 managers. It was concluded that the study led to a set of results; the most prominent of which is the need to enhance and develop the competitiveness of small and medium enterprises by providing a set of elements and factors, in order to activate their local development role at the level of Karak Governorate, leading to the embodiment of comprehensive national development. Based on the results of the study, a number of recommendations were presented to decision-makers and makers in the institutions subject to the study.

In light of developments, modernization, and the trend towards globalization and achieving sustainability in all sectors, and given the importance that energy represents as a story in our lives, as it is the mainstay of life, that sector, and field needed to be one of the first fields that tend to use modern technology and artificial intelligence techniques in developing and improving performance. Smart distribution networks. This study aims to analyze and evaluate the impact of using artificial intelligence techniques in general and neural network techniques in particular on improving and developing the performance of smart distribution networks by achieving network stability, reducing costs, reducing losses, managing resources well, predicting current and future energy requirements, as well as predicting faults, As well as overcoming the challenges and obstacles facing the use of artificial intelligence techniques to improve the performance of smart distribution networks through a methodology based on a review of the most important studies that dealt with Subject, extracting results from these studies, analyzing them statistically and technically, then evaluating them, drawing conclusions, and presenting recommendations and findings. The results indicated 11 important results, including that artificial intelligence techniques, especially neural networks, are effective tools for developing the performance of smart energy distribution networks, as they contribute to achieving sustainable development, improving performance, and enhancing Data security and network stability. Unlike traditional networks, it also achieves stability for networks and effectively integrates renewable energy sources. More technologies, such as blockchain technologies, contribute to improving and developing the performance of smart networks.

Migration from one’s homeland, separation from family and loved ones, and alienation in a country one does not know, with people one shares no language or history with, is a real suffering experienced by educated Arab youth in all its details in the Americas at a time when their countries suffered from European occupation that broke its promises, which deceived them before, then showed them the ugly face of its bloody civilization, dividing the country and committing massacres in it, and giving Palestine to the Jews. Their pens flowed with tears of heart, expressing the pain of their alienation and their longing for their country, families, and their anguish over what was happening in their country. They left behind them a rich literary legacy that depicts their lives and feelings, represented by the “al-Rabita al-Qalamia” group in the American South, and the “al-Osaba al-Andalusia” in the North.

This study aims to highlight the impact of the principle “Harm is to be eliminated” in regulating the Sharia rulings related to contemporary cosmetic surgeries. This principle is one of the major principles in Islamic jurisprudence, based on evidence from the Quran, Sunnah, and consensus. It is characterized by its flexibility and ability to address contemporary issues and developments in light of the objectives of Islamic law. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach to review and analyze Sharia texts and jurisprudential principles, contributing to guiding practical applications of cosmetic surgeries in accordance with Sharia guidelines that balance benefits and prevent harm.The study covered key topics, including: the concept of the principle “Harm is to be eliminated” and its significance as a comprehensive jurisprudential foundation, the classification of cosmetic surgeries into necessary procedures addressing physical or psychological harm, needed procedures meeting a recognized necessity, and aesthetic procedures aimed at enhancing beauty without a pressing need. Additionally, it addressed the guidelines for cosmetic surgeries that distinguish between permissible and prohibited practices. The study reached significant conclusions, among which is that the principle “Harm is to be eliminated” permits removing physical and psychological harm through necessary and needed surgeries, provided clear Sharia guidelines are adhered to. It also prohibits aesthetic surgeries involving permanent alteration of God’s creation without a legitimate justification. The study emphasized the importance of activating major jurisprudential principles to guide Sharia rulings and practical applications in a manner that aligns with contemporary developments and achieves the objectives of Islamic law in preserving life, wealth, intellect, and religion.

This study aimed to evaluate the disciplinary and administrative efficiency of the Public Prosecution Service, identify the factors influencing its efficiency, and provide recommendations for improvement. The study’s significance lies in enhancing the efficiency of the Public Prosecution Service, promoting justice and equality, and developing the judicial system. The methodology required an analytical and inductive approach to studying this topic. The results indicated that the disciplinary efficiency of the Public Prosecution Service is influenced by training, qualification, experience, and administrative efficiency, which is impacted by the administrative and organizational system, transparency, and accountability. Collaboration among judicial authorities is crucial for improving efficiency, and enhancing training and qualification can strengthen both disciplinary and administrative efficiency. The recommendations include developing training programs to enhance disciplinary efficiency, strengthening administrative supervision and control, and promoting cooperation among judicial authorities.

The study aimed to explore the extent to which teachers apply alternative assessment strategies in elementary schools within the Green Line. The descriptive-analytical method was used in the study, and a questionnaire was applied to a simple random sample consisting of 163 male and female teachers from elementary schools in the Triangle area. The results showed that the extent of teachers’ application of alternative assessment strategies in elementary schools within the Green Line was moderate. The results also indicated significant statistical differences in the extent of application attributed to the gender variable, favoring females. The results showed differences attributed to the impact of the qualification in the fields of performance-based assessment and self-assessment, with the differences favoring the bachelor’s degree. The differences in the portfolio area favored the experience category of less than 10 years. Based on these results, the study recommended several recommendations, most notably the need to provide training programs for teachers on how to apply alternative assessment strategies in the classroom.