This research aims to study some of the rulings related to drunkenness, and drunkenness is a comparative analytical study.

It aims to introduce drunkenness, its ruling, types, and controls, and to explain the punishment for intoxicating drinks. The study also showed some rulings related to the drunkard, such as the ruling on his divorce, swearing an oath, selling him, emancipating him, and slandering him, as well as the ruling on one who is drunk until the time for prayer comes out, while mentioning the punishment for drunkenness In both houses.

It concluded several results, the most important of which are:

What is meant by drunkenness is anything that disturbs a person’s mind, such as a drink, a food, a smell, or something else, and his speech is dominated by nonsense, and he changes his habit when he wakes up. And that among drunkenness is what is permissible, such as the use of some medicines, and the other type is forbidden, which is what occurs from Drinking alcohol or any other intoxicant – which is the subject of study – and the limit on drinking Intoxicants: It is forbidden to drink the juice if it becomes intoxicating, in small or large amounts, whether boiled or not. The study also showed that the drunk is not held accountable for his words and actions, so divorce does not take place from him, and his oath, sale, emancipation, and slander are not valid. The time for prayer is that he must make it up if he wakes up from his drunkenness, The drinker of alcohol will be punished in this world by being flogged forty lashes, and anything more than that will be punished, and he will be punished on the Day of Resurrection by being made to drink the juice of the people of Hell, and he will be forbidden from the wine of Paradise.

 This research aims to define the term legal personality, and distinguish it from the term personality  outside the law, and to indicate the types of legal persons, their characteristics, and to highlight the doctrinal and legal position of the extent of the legal personality to develop, and to disclose the opinion most likely in it, and the research reaches multiple results, most notably: the legal personality is a disciplined idea, which is intended to acquire rights and assume obligations, and thus is distinguished from the idea of personality in the eyes of philosophy, ethics and psychology, as the law and jurisprudence have established that the legal person is divided into two types: the natural person (man) and the legal person (moral), and that they share the characteristics in general. taking into account the nature of the legal person, and the development of artificial intelligence showed a doctrinal dispute in the extent of the susceptibility of the legal personality to development, between supporters and opponents, but in terms of origin can be accepted the development of legal personality, but it does not recognize artificial intelligence in general legal personality, however, it is possible to recognize the super-intelligent robot as a virtual legal personality, provided that legislation is approved and its provisions are regulated, and the most important recommendations of the research are the need to keep pace with the requirements of technological development and to review the legal texts governing the provisions of legal personality.  The possibility of internalizing the virtual personality, and the establishment of a legal system that regulates the rules of artificial intelligence. 

The research aimed to identify the degree of influence that societal variables have on the transformation of Yemeni universities into smart universities. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher employed a descriptive survey methodology and applied a questionnaire consisting of 24 items to a purposive sample of 22 experts in Yemeni universities, using the Delphi technique. The data were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods, and the study yielded several key findings. The most notable result was that the level of agreement on the impact of societal variables on the transformation of Yemeni universities into smart universities was very high, with an overall mean score of 4.40 and a standard deviation of 0.461. Based on the values of the fields, the ranking (in descending order) was as follows: technological factors, social/cultural factors, political/legal factors, and economic factors. Additionally, the results indicated no statistically significant differences at a 0.05 significance level between expert responses on the impact of societal variables on the transformation of Yemeni universities into smart universities based on the variables of (specialization and years of experience).

The study aimed to know the effect of applying the electronic disclosure system (XBRL) in reducing the problem of information asymmetry. To achieve this goal, the study used the percentage of application of the electronic disclosure system (XBRL), where the weight was given 1 for the years it was applied and zero for the years it was not applied. The Bid Ask Spread model was also used to know the level of information symmetry. The study was applied to all banks listed on the Amman Stock Exchange, which numbered 14 banks, from 2016 to 2023. The study concluded that there is a role for the electronic disclosure system (XBRL) in increasing the problem of information asymmetry by increasing the price range between the seller and the buyer.

The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of public relations in confronting occupation-related obstacles against the industrial sector, with a focus on Birzeit Pharmaceutical Company as a model.

Methodology: The researcher employed a descriptive-analytical approach using a questionnaire. The study population consisted of employees from Birzeit Pharmaceutical Company, and a random sample of 50 employees was selected.

Results: The study revealed several findings, most notably the significant effectiveness of public relations in addressing occupation-related obstacles against the industrial sector, with a specific focus on Birzeit Pharmaceutical Company. Additionally, the study highlighted the efficiency of the public relations management at Birzeit Pharmaceutical Company in dealing with the occupation-related challenges facing the industrial sector.

Conclusion: The study concluded that the public relations management at Birzeit Pharmaceutical Company has proven its ability to effectively handle occupation-related obstacles, which has contributed to maintaining the stability of industrial operations and achieving the company’s goals. The study also recommended the need for strategic planning in advance to address these obstacles and ensuring that communication messages are accurate and truthful to enhance trust between the company and the community.

The personality of Muhammad Saeed Ramadan Al-Bouti represents one of the glories of Arab civilization in its contemporary time, and this explains the spread of his mention everywhere. There is hardly anyone who did not know about his biography, heard a portion of his news, and firmly established in his memory that this name is of a martyr scholar who enlightened minds with his knowledge and humility… There is no harm, then, in browsing through some of his works and clarifying their essence, especially his influence, which is characterized by the greatest universal certainties, and unveiling his vision of the philosophy of prophecy. To achieve this purpose, we will look at the meaning of prophecy and the difference between it and the message, as well as clarify the necessary qualities of the prophets as Al-Bouti sees them, without neglecting the dimensions of the seal of prophecy according to him.

The idea of the research is how to use the energy resulting from passing cars to produce electricity. Electricity is generated by harnessing the potential energy of passing cars into kinetic energy used to generate electricity when the car passes over an industrial speed bump. The bump moves downward as a result of the weight of the car, causing a linear movement that moves the driving gear using the arm connected to the bump, 

which turns into a rotational movement that rotates the camshaft using the driven gear, which is connected to the main gear with a chain to move it. A rotational movement that rotates the electric generator. We tested the bump by applying several different forces or different weights and obtained several readings from it. The largest value we obtained was 15.5 revolutions of the spindle against a set of weights. From here we concluded that the greater the weight, the greater the amount of electrical charge generated, as well as the speed of rotation of the drive shaft (its rpm). A major role in the production of electrical energy.

Foodborne infections and poisonings are real problems that directly affect the northwestern region of Syria, especially in light of the conditions that the region has witnessed in recent years. The aim of this research was to collect data on food poisoning in some medical hospitals and organizations operating in northern Syria, in the period between 2021-2023. The descriptive analytical approach was followed. The results showed an increase in the number of food poisoning cases in 2022 compared to 2021 and 2023. Most of the cases were mild to moderate, with 8 fatal cases and 160 severe cases. Rice and chicken meals, especially in the camps, were the most common cause of these cases, amounting to 6,840. The incidence among children increased significantly compared to other age groups, in addition to the multiplicity of causes of poisoning, which showed significant differences except for contaminated water and milk. Rice and chicken meals were at the forefront of the causes of poisoning, followed by mayonnaise. Ready-made meals are the most important source of food contamination and poisoning. The incidence of contamination in the camps also increased compared to other residential areas.

This study aims to highlight the possibility of applying ChatGPT in the electronic decision-making process and supporting it, as a model that simulates human mental abilities and their working patterns, such as the ability to infer, react, learn and gain experience, by integrating it as a smart tool based on artificial intelligence technologies, as there are several artificial intelligence tools, most of which use the concept of learning, with some minor changes. The program comes into contact with a very large number of data and interactions until it learns, and the next time it faces a similar problem, it can reach a better solution. The study relied on a comprehensive methodology that includes a review of relevant literature and analyzing practical cases. The results of the study showed the need for decision-makers to move to integrate artificial intelligence tools into the electronic decision-making process, especially the ChatGPT tool, as it is an important assistant in providing information, analyzing it and linking it to each other, which facilitates reaching sound and influential decisions, taking into account that the decision-maker is responsible for the results of the decision and its effects

The study came to identify the Islamic finance system as one of the possible channels through which it is possible to strengthen and expand the base of financial inclusion، by attracting and attracting different segments of society with different financial and living levels، by employing innovative and diverse financial instruments and financing methods subject to the rules and provisions of Islamic law، and The balance of wealth distribution among financial instruments and financing methods، To enrich the theoretical framework، the basic concepts of Islamic finance were addressed and clarification in general about it، as well as a narration that explains the general concepts and important methods of financial inclusion. As for the analytical framework، the study adopted an analytical approach to know the role of Islamic finance in promoting financial inclusion and analyze the impact between them، using the data collection tool (The questionnaire) was distributed to a sample of Yaqeen Bank customers، relying on appropriate statistical and inferential methods to analyze their answers and test hypotheses.

   The study was summarized into several results، perhaps the most prominent of which is that Islamic finance is considered one of the appropriate mechanisms for finding solutions that would make financial services and products available and facilitate access to them and their use and the extent of their quality، and that there is a role for Islamic finance in enhancing financial inclusion for the customers of the Al-Yaqeen Bank under study.

This study aims to study the activity and behavior of honey bee workers during their pollen collection on apple flowers and the extent to which climatic factors affect the activity and behavior of honey bees and food search rates during their pollen collection. The results showed that there is a clear difference between the number of honeybee workers during their visit to collect pollen from M. domestica apple flowers with clear significant differences, as the highest worker visit was recorded at 9:00 am, where the average number of workers was (35.00±2.6) workers/m2. The lowest worker visit was recorded at 12:00 noon, where the average number of workers was (14.00±1.7) workers/m2.The numbers of bee workers on M. sylvestris apple flowers were also recorded during different daylight hours with significant differences. where the highest worker visit was recorded at 9:00 am with an average of (97.00±3.4) workers/m2.The lowest worker visit was recorded at 10:00 am with an average of( 39.00±2.11) workers/m2. A preference was also recorded for worker bees visit M. sylvestris flowers. our results also showed the foraging times of honey bees during different daylight hours on apple flowers.

our results on M. domestica flowers indicate no significant differences in handling time. The results also indicate no significant differences in travel time. The results also showed significant differences in the residence time of worker bees on M. sylvestris flowers. The highest handling time was recorded at 9:00 am and 10:00 am with averages of (2.36±0.06) seconds and (2.37±0.1) seconds, respectively, and the lowest handling time was at 12:00 noon with an average of (1.8±0.09) seconds for worker bees. Also, the travel time recorded significant differences, as the highest travel time was recorded at 9:00 am and 11:00 am, respectively, with averages of (1.6±0.10) seconds and (1.4±0.09) seconds, and the lowest travel time was at 10:00 am and 12:00 pm, respectively, with an average of (1.1±0.05) seconds and (1.0± 0.03) seconds for worker bees. Also, no preference was recorded for worker bees to visit the flowers of the two apple cultivars on food search rates . our results  showed that there is a clear strong correlation between climatic conditions and the extent  of bee activity and also between foraging rates on the two types of apple plants. 

This study examines the challenges and solutions in teaching English speaking skills to Arab students in Northern Syria, focusing on first-year students at Idleb University. The research highlights key issues impacting students’ English-speaking proficiency, such as difficulties with speaking and listening, neglect of practical phonetics, low-quality teaching at primary education levels, and limited exposure to English. Other significant challenges include ineffective teaching methods, weak classroom participation, cultural influences, and the hardships of living in war conditions. The study uses descriptive and analytical mixed methods, the sample consists of (100) students and (30) teachers, and they used SPSS for data analysis. Findings reveal that students’ low confidence, large class sizes, and a lack of seriousness in learning English further compound the issue. The study recommends fostering peer interaction, providing language support, integrating real-world contexts, offering feedback and correction, incorporating speaking activities, and utilizing technology tools. Addressing these challenges aims to enhance the English-speaking skills of students at Idleb University, contributing to their academic and professional development.

The study aimed to know the level of possession of future thinking skills by students of the Faculty of Education, Sana’a University, and its relationship to academic achievement, and to know the significance of statistical differences between the average level of their possession of future thinking skills according to the variables: gender, and specialization. The researchers used the descriptive approach in its two styles: survey and correlation, and prepared a scale consisting of (28) sub-skills distributed over four main skills, which are: prediction, imagination, planning, and problem solving. The study sample consisted of (260) male and female students, from scientific and human specializations in the year 2023/2024. The results showed that: The level of students’ possession of future thinking skills in general, and at the level of each skill, came at an “average” level, with an arithmetic mean (3.16), and a relative weight (63.14%). the results also showed that there are statistically significant differences at the level (0.0001) between the average level of possession of future thinking skills at the level of the scale as a whole, attributed to the variable: gender, and the differences came in favour of males, and it also showed the absence of statistically significant differences between the average level of possession of future thinking skills in general and in all main skills, attributed to the variable of specialization, and the results showed that there is a highly positive, statistically significant correlation at the level (0.0001) between students’ achievement and their level of possession of future thinking skills, as the value of the correlation coefficient reached (**0.850), and in light of these results the study recommended the necessity of updating curricula, designing educational activities and teaching strategies, in a way that develops future thinking skills among students, and training faculty members on methods of developing them among students. 

Praise be to Allah, Lord of the Worlds, and peace and blessings be upon the Messenger of Allah, his family and companions.
The Qur’an does not end its wonders, it is the eternal miracle, and it is God’s proof over the worlds. He revealed it with his knowledge, that is: red-handed by him, just as the rhetoricians of the people of the tongue were incapacitated, the scholars were unable to do so from the people of high truths. Scientific facts have been revealed to which the Qur’an clearly points out, and their meaning has been settled: “For every stable news you will know.” After those verses were of the problem when the commentators, as in this research, which deals with verses form the commentators to know their meaning, so their sayings multiplied with the problem remaining, such as the Almighty’s saying: “And from the earth like them”; And in his saying, “And he made the moon in them a light.” This research came to reveal the truth of the meaning of these verses in accordance with science and shows the miracle of the Qur’an. Hence the objectives of the research and its importance.
The research has followed the inductive analytical approach to the verses and descriptive at times, the research has included three sections The first topic: the definition of the inner and outer layers of the earth and the statement of its importance and characteristics, the second topic: scientific and legal evidence on the existence of the inner layers of the earth. The third topic: miracles in the verses, conclusion and results.

Praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds, and peace and blessings be upon our Prophet Muhammad, his family, and all his companions.

This research addresses "Some Doctrinal Issues in Al-Mahaimi's Tafsir al-Rahman: Collection and Study." The researcher endeavored to compile Al-Mahaimi's views on doctrinal issues, namely belief in angels and scriptures, and present them from the Sunni approach, using a descriptive, inductive, analytical, and critical study. The importance of the research lies in its collection of doctrinal issues in Al-Mahaimi's Tafsir, with the aim of studying them, clarifying his views on them, and judging them from the Sunni approach. The introduction includes the research problem, its importance, objectives, and limitations, in addition to previous studies, the research methodology, procedures, and plan.

The most important findings of the research are that Al-Mahaimi agreed with the Sunnis on some issues and disagreed with them on others. A summary of these agreements and disagreements is provided. It is also noted that Al-Mahaimi is a little-known figure despite his many and varied works, which require the efforts of researchers to extract and verify them.

May God's prayers and peace be upon our Prophet Muhammad, his family, and all his companions.

The rapid advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) have revolutionized various industries, including scientific publishing. While AI offers numerous benefits, such as increased efficiency and productivity, its integration into the publication process also poses significant risks that must be carefully considered. This research paper aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the potential risks associated with the use of AI in scientific publishing and to propose methodologies and guidelines to ensure the integrity and quality of published content. The study employs a multi-faceted approach, including a thorough literature review, data analysis, and the incorporation of expert opinions and stakeholder perspectives. The findings suggest that careful implementation of AI, coupled with robust quality control measures and ethical guidelines, is crucial to mitigate the risks and maintain the credibility of scientific publications.

Vitamin D is crucial in various physiological processes, influenced by a complex interplay of environmental and genetic factors. Recent studies highlight the impact of diet, weather, age, and the COVID-19 pandemic on vitamin D levels and its overall effectiveness. Understanding these interactions is essential for developing comprehensive health strategies to perfect vitamin D status across diverse populations. This narrative study focused on data collected and available evidence among different ages and genders in the city of Bani-Waleed – Libya. The evidence shows a wide range of vitamin D with different diet programs. Other factors were detected to connect them with the deficiency of vitamin D, including the Coronavirus infection and the intake of antibiotic supplements. Results indicated that vitamin D levels increased by 10% as age increased.  The elderly, who were defined as having a higher risk of vitamin D insufficient, were found to have the best range of vitamins in their body. Children were indicated with a deficiency rate of approximately 73.13% compared to adult people (15-30 years old) with a deficiency rate of 91.25%.

Usually, quantities of radioactive elements remain with the accompanying oil and water. Through the results of this study, we find that the concentrations of the radioactive elements bismuth and thallium are higher than the recommended threshold values ​​in all the samples studied, which recommended concentrations of (0.02), (0.01) Becquerel, as they were recorded in the surrounding water (0.028651) and (0.03263) Becquerel, respectively. The study recorded that the concentration of lead was higher than the permissible limits in all the samples studied, which set the standard (0.03), Becquerel, while the accompanying water recorded a concentration of (0.0651), while we find that the study showed that the concentrations of cadmium, palladium, and potassium were less than the permissible limits. The study showed high concentrations of both actinium and tungsten in the surrounding waters and the accompanying uranium (0.0331), (0.06059), and (0.11948) Becquerel’s, respectively. From these results, it can be concluded that the extraction, transportation, and refining of petroleum has an important impact on the marine environment and the quality of coastal waters, and this has been reflected in This impacts the increasing levels of heavy metals and petroleum hydrocarbons on the environment surrounding the Al-Bury field platform and the beaches of the Zwara city.

This research examines the impact of interest rate adjustments, whether increases or decreases, on borrowers’ contractual obligations. Since the consumer is the weaker party in a bank loan contract, it is essential to prioritize the financial consumer’s or client’s interests, particularly in matters related to raising interest rates and the legal foundations for such increases during the loan repayment period. Banks cannot automatically raise or lower interest rates for borrowers; any changes to interest rates, whether upward or downward, are contractually predetermined and regulated by the laws and instructions in effect. The research defines interest rates, their characteristics, and the effects of interest rate changes on financial consumers. Additionally, it reviews the stance of Jordanian courts on interest rate increases by analyzing decisions issued by the Jordanian Court of Cassation.

The study concludes with several findings and recommendations, notably that banks operate on the principle of free-market competition, following specific policies based on credit risk and concentration for each client. Therefore, banks adhere to mechanisms outlined by central bank regulations and the competitive framework governing the market, which includes 24 banks in Jordan. This highlights the need for the Jordanian legislator to address the extent of a bank’s right to raise interest rates through explicit and clear provisions in the Central Bank Law.

Writing is considered the strongest and most important means of proof, as it has occupied an increased position as the most important means and methods of proof in the current and modern era; due to the guarantees it provides that are not provided by other methods of proof, so the legislator has paid attention to it in various legislations, including Palestinian legislation, as it has made it a basic tool of proof so that it is suitable for proving all material facts and legal actions, whatever the value of the right to be proven and whatever the value of this right, and this is due to the strength factors that distinguish it from other methods and means of proof, and this study aims mainly to shed light on the mechanism of proving official written documents in light of the provisions of Palestinian legislation, and the importance of the study is highlighted in light of the widespread crime of forgery of official documents, while the importance of the practical study is highlighted in that it has not received wide attention from researchers, in addition to the scarcity of legal studies on the extent to which the Palestinian legislator has addressed the rules of technical expertise procedures in proving a claim of written forgery. This study discusses the main problem represented in the extent to which the Palestinian legislation texts organize the rules governing the proof of official written documents. To achieve the purpose of the study, the researchers followed the analytical approach, where they analyzed the legal texts regulating the methods of proof, especially the proof of official written documents, by examining the Evidence Law No. (4) of 2001, and the Palestinian Criminal Procedure Law No. (3) of 2001, and analyzing the content and substance of those legal texts that directly or indirectly addressed provisions and issues related to the subject of the study, in addition to analyzing the statements and opinions presented by scholars and specialized researchers in their study of aspects of this subject. During the evaluation process, the researchers will analyze the grounds and texts of the laws related to the subject of the research from all aspects. As a result, the researchers divided the study into four sections: In the first section, they discussed the nature of proof, while in the second section they discussed the methods of proof, while in the third section they presented the nature of written documents, and finally, in the fourth section, they explained the conditions that must be met in official written documents.

Documentary films vary in their artistic features, duration, themes, and goals, but they all share the use of a common language: the language of images. This language excels in its ability to represent reality in a way that profoundly impacts the viewer’s emotions and sentiments, more than their conscious mind. In this sense, imagery serves as the ideal medium to inspire people and instill hope during times of crises and disasters. This was evident when the “Sharjah Broadcasting Authority” in the Emirate of Sharjah resorted to short documentary films to appeal to the emotions of its citizens and boost their morale by producing a short film clip that spreads hope and promises the imminent end of the pandemic.

The analysis of the motivational documentary film draws upon the findings of Roland Barthes, particularly his theory of the rhetoric of the image. Using the conceptual framework of visual semiotics, the study deconstructs the iconic and linguistic messages embedded within the film. It also examines the role of sound effects, types of shots, camera angles, camera movements, and lighting in constructing meaning. The analysis was conducted on two levels: the denotative and the interpretative. The study concludes with insights into the societal values promoted by the film and the producer’s perspective on the roles of the government and citizens in managing crises.

The research aimed to know the impact of entrepreneurial marketing on marketing performance in the presence of digital transformation as a mediating variable. A study on the employees of Al-Hadatha Telecommunications and Technology Company – Misrata. Data for the theoretical aspect was collected through previous literature related to the subject of the research, while data for the field aspect was collected via a form. The questionnaire was a main tool in collecting primary data. The research community consisted of all employees and heads of departments at Al-Hadatha Telecommunications and Technology Company – Misrata, and their number was (37). The comprehensive survey method was followed due to the small research community, and 36 questionnaire forms that could be analyzed were obtained.

Then, we rely on a number of statistical methods, using statistical analysis programs (SPSS) and (Smart PLS.4), in order to analyze the data obtained to test the hypotheses. The research found a positive impact of entrepreneurial marketing on marketing performance in the presence of digital transformation in its dimensions (strategic planning, leadership preparation, institutional environment, skills attraction) as a mediating variable.

The study consists of an introduction, five sections, and a conclusion that includes findings and recommendations.

The first section introduces Ibn Jinni and his book Al-Khasa’is.

The second section discusses tools of simile from the perspective of Al-Khasa’is.

The third section explores Ibn Jinni’s views on eloquent similes (tashbih baligh).

The fourth section examines his opinions on inverted similes (tashbih maqlub).

The final section presents an analysis of Ibn Jinni’s methodology, along with an evaluative study of his views on simile, its tools, and its types. This section also highlights the true value of his contributions in light of the efforts of his predecessors and their influence on subsequent studies.

The problem addressed by this study lies in exploring a linguistic and grammatical book that was not typically seen as a source of rhetorical and critical research. The study aims to uncover precise insights and topics Ibn Jinni discussed regarding simile, its tools, and its types.

The significance of the study stems from its focus on a renowned linguist recognized for his expertise in linguistics, grammar, and morphology. However, his rhetorical and critical contributions remain underexplored and are addressed sporadically. This study seeks to shed light on Ibn Jinni’s rhetorical and critical insights by examining simile in Al-Khasa’is.

The study employs inductive, descriptive, and evaluative analytical methodologies to achieve its objectives.

The study aimed to shed light on the assistance provided by donors and its impact on the performance of employees in the Palestinian Ministry of Finance. The financial aid provided by donor entities to the Palestinian Authority is considered one of the main pillars supporting its security institutions, police forces, and ministries. This support has contributed to building and developing these institutions, as well as enhancing, developing, and training human resources to make them more capable and effective in their work.

Trained, motivated, and productive human resources are the foundation of both industrial and developing economies. Donors provide financial assistance in two basic forms: logistical support, such as equipment, offices, and necessary work supplies, and the development and enhancement of human resources through training programs and workshops.

The study also highlighted a portion of the aid allocated to funding governmental institutes and centers—such as the National Training Institute, the National School of Administration, and the Palestinian Institute of Public Finance and Taxes responsible for training and qualifying employees.

To achieve the study’s objective, emphasis was placed on the impact of financial assistance provided by donors in enhancing the efficiency of employees, or the workforce, in the Ministry of Finance. This was achieved by subjecting them to various internal and external training programs and workshops funded by this assistance.

The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach by analyzing the information and data collected through a questionnaire distributed to employees of the Ministry of Finance, as well as conducting interviews with responsible parties. It also relied on annual reports, workshops, and the analysis and examination of statistics, data, literature, research, and articles in this field. The findings and recommendations were developed based on the period from 1994 to 2020.

The study’s findings highlighted the importance of financial aid provided by donors in enhancing employee efficiency. This was achieved by improving the work environment, meeting logistical needs, and enhancing employee skills through various internally and externally funded training programs and workshops.

The results also revealed key characteristics of external assistance, particularly its instability and fluctuation in size and growth rates. Furthermore, the aid has not achieved sustainable development, as the majority of it is directed towards humanitarian relief purposes and budget deficit support, primarily short-term needs. Consequently, it is challenging for the Palestinian National Authority to continue relying on external aid to achieve sustainable economic growth.

Additionally, the study found that the current performance evaluation system is ineffective and does not accurately reflect employees’ actual performance. It also noted the absence of a direct or clear relationship between the amount of financial aid provided by donors and employees’ sense of belonging to the ministry.

The research made several main suggestions, including the elimination of public-fund waste. This can be accomplished by thoroughly reviewing spending programs and changing the overall budget to suit Palestinian actual and developmental needs. This would contribute to building productive economic sectors capable of generating employment opportunities. Moreover, there is a need to seek alternatives to external funding. It is essential to explore and establish alternative sources of financing to reduce dependency on external aid. Also, allocating a percentage of the budget for developmental spending focuses on investments that foster long-term growth and sustainable development. Implementing incentive schemes aimed at addressing inefficiencies in numerous ministries. It is accomplished by directly tying rewards to employee performance to increase efficiency and accountability. The study emphasized the necessity of comprehensive development of human resources that encompasses fundamentally reforming the ministry’s workforce to provide high-quality services. This would entail developing better procedures and strategies for optimizing resource usage, resulting in higher institutional and staff performance.

 The study also emphasizes the significance of designing complete performance evaluation systems with employees in mind to establish an inclusive and effective framework that accurately reflects employee contributions and boosts overall organizational efficiency.

This research deals with phenomenal off passive smoking, highlighting on it’s serious health effects and its harm non smokers, especially kids and pregnants. the research discuss the effects off passive smoking exposures in public and closed places, reviewing Jordanian laws related to somking ban public places, evaluated it’s effective, The researcher used the descriptive method To describe the phenomenon of smoking And a statement of the groups most vulnerable to health diseases as a result of inhaling tobacco, The researcher used the analytical approach Through the analysis of legal texts related to the ban on smoking in public places and evaluating its effectiveness. At the end, the researcher reached several recommendations, the most important of which were implementing the current laws, increasing awareness campaigns for passive smoking, increasing supervision of public places, and increasing community awareness about the dangers of passive smoking .