This paper discusses the most significant challenges that primary school teachers face when teaching statistics in Qalqilya governorate, Palestine. The total number of participants is 140 teachers and we utilized the quantitative approach by using the questionnaire to solve the research problem and answer the research questions. The results of the total degree of the study sample’s towards the influence of curriculum problems’ on teaching statistics from primary stage teachers’ perspectives in Qalqilya governorate reached 62.6% and this indicates that the approval rate was large, and The results of the total degree of the study sample’s towards the influence of teaching pedagogies’ problems’ on teaching statistics from primary stage teachers’ perspectives in Qalqilya governorate reached 76.6% and this indicates that the approval rate was large.  There are no statistical differences (α≤ 0.05) between the views about the problems math teachers face when teaching statistics, based on gender, academic qualification, years of experience. The results of the research show that teachers must develop a new plan to include modern teaching methods based on experience and application to properly communicate educational ideas and develop a strategic plan for teaching statistics, subject to gradual change of some problems in the current curriculum for all educational classes in the school.

The aim of the research was to determine the negative effects of using websites on Yemeni university students. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher employed a survey methodology and administered a questionnaire to a sample of 379 male and female students from the first and fourth levels in five Yemeni universities. The sample was selected using the available sampling method. The researcher utilized the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) to analyze the data. The research findings indicated significant negative effects of using websites with a mean score of 3.88 and a standard deviation of 483. Moreover, the results showed no statistically significant differences attributed to variables such as gender, specialization, and university type, overall. However, there were significant differences attributed to the gender variable in the political negative effects of using websites in favor of males.

This study assesses groundwater quality parameters’ spatial distribution and identifies places with the best quality for drinking in the Sabha city of Libya. The study based on integrated spatial analysis of physical-chemical parameters using Geographical Information System (GIS) and Water Quality Index (WQI) calculation. GIS is utilized in this study to evaluate the spatial distribution of parameters for groundwater quality and identify sites within the Sabha area with useable and unusable groundwater quality. The findings of This study are based on the physicochemical parameters obtained from the field study, using GIS and Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW). The research found that most water samples examined had amounts that exceeded the World and Libyan Health Organizations’ recommendations. Since a result, the water quality in this area is poor, as 85 percent of the collected samples were contaminated and required special treatment before being used. The study recommends that attention be paid to the groundwater resource in the study area because some of the locations were found to have concentrations far exceeding the WHO and Libyan drinking water standards.

This study aimed to know the role of schools in promoting positive digital citizenship values among students in the second cycle of basic education in the Samayil region. The primary objective is to understand how schools contribute to instilling these values and guiding students on the safe use of technology. Additionally, the study evaluates school administrators’ and teachers’ awareness of digital citizenship and its foundational principles (digital education). To achieve the objectives of the study, both the descriptive analytical approach and the case study approach were used. Data was primarily collected using a questionnaire. The study sample included students from the second cycle of primary education in schools in Al Dakhiliyah Province, specifically in the city of Samayil, as well as principals and teachers from various schools in the Samayil state. The study revealed several key findings: Firstly, schools in the second cycle of basic education in the Samayil region contribute to the dissemination, reinforcement, and instillation of digital citizenship values and principles with an overall effectiveness rate of 80%, though this varies between schools. Secondly, the study identified that the major challenges faced by the community include privacy violations and unsafe technology use, impacting 90% of the population. These issues could be mitigated by promoting a stronger culture of digital citizenship within the community. One of the study’s key recommendations is to undertake further research in the field of digital citizenship to better understand the needs of various communities. It is also essential to teach digital citizenship values so that individuals can enhance their skills across different technological platforms and effectively share their creativity while monitoring their activities.

The study aimed to identify the extent of practicing the Standards of academic accreditation (Institutional) embers faculties of education in Public Yemeni Universities from the point of view of faculty members who hold the academic degree of professor, Associate professor, and Assistant professor. To achieve this objective, the researcher adopted the descriptive approach, and employing a questionnaire as a tool. The research sample consisted of (120) faculty members. The researcher reached a number of findings, the most important of which are: the extent of practicing the standards of academic accreditation and (Institutional) embers faculties of education in Public Yemeni universities in Standards of leadership and governance, and the standard of scientific research is low, the standard of leadership and governance is with a medium degree, and the standard of scientific research is low. There are no statistically significant differences between the responses of the sample members due to the research variables which are represented by university, major, academic degree. However, the findings showed that there are statistically significant differences due to the variable type of the major, whether it is (scientific or human), in the field of leadership and governance. Thus the level of significance was less than (0.05), and it was in favor of the scientific majors.

The study sought to determine the effectiveness of public relations’ use of social networks in empowering and promoting the Palestinian culture and strengthening its assets in international forums by analyzing the posts (Facebook page of the Palestinian Ministry of Culture – as a case study), as its importance emerged in revealing the importance of public relations and its modern methods, represented by relying on social networks (Facebook) in empowering the Palestinian culture in international forums. The researcher used Mixed methodology, where she relied on the tools of content analysis and interview to answer the study questions and achieve the desired objectives, and analyzed the publications of the Palestinian Ministry of Culture through the Facebook platform (473) posts during the specified period (1/6/2022 to 27/4/2023), which is considered the beginning of the events of the Palestinian resistance inside the Palestinian West Bank, and the theory of dialogic communication was employed in this study.

The study aimed to identify the extent to which propaganda techniques were employed
in Zelensky’s speech, and to identify the most important techniques that were
employed in her speeches, Knowing the most important topics that Zelensky
focused on in his speeches, and knowing how Zelensky used such techniques, The
researcher used the descriptive analytical method for its relevance to the
nature of the study, The study sample consisted of (3) letters, they were
selected by the intentional sampling method, and the study tool was represented
by a form to analyze the content of the letters.

The results of the study concluded that the technique of flashy generalities is one
of the most widely used propaganda techniques, and it is the technique that was
used effectively in Zelensky’s speeches. Any rhetoric of using propaganda
techniques, Ukrainian President Zelensky maintains propaganda rhetoric in the
term of peace, security and protection of the state of Ukraine.

This study was conducted in the Jabal Al-Akhdar region on January 10, 2024, by conducting a questionnaire for workers and residents near the treatment plants. The study included 13 treatment plants, which are the treatment plants (Omar Al-Mukhtar, Qandula, Marawa, Qasr Libya, Messah, Islanta, Qarnada, Al-Qayqab, Sousse, North Al-Bayda, and Mansoura). (and Shahat and Wardama) The study showed that the reasons for stopping workers in the stations are that delayed salaries were considered by the workers to be a reason for stopping the stations by 72.7%, and the lack of interest from the state, the lack of rewards and the lack of transportation by 100% were a main reason for stopping the stations. Likewise, some workers believed that the bad treatment of residents Next to stations, 72.7% The lack of interest from the state, the lack of rewards, and the lack of transportation by 100% are the main reasons for stopping the stations. Likewise, some workers believed that the bad treatment of residents near the stations was 72.7% a reason for stopping the treatment plants. Others believed that there were 54.5% the lack of laboratory technicians in the stations. Likewise, the workers considered that the lack of Maintenance of plants at a rate of 100% is a major reason for stopping treatment plants, and some workers considered it a rate of 81.8% Bad odors were one of the reasons for stopping these plants, while others (72.7%) believed that the spread of diseases was not one of the reasons for stopping the treatment plants.

As for the opinion of residents near the stations, they saw that the stations did not provide the people of the area with job opportunities, rather than building them, at a rate of 56.5%. Likewise, some residents, at a rate of 61.6%, said that the stations emit unpleasant and annoying odors, while the residents’ awareness of the seriousness of environmental pollution was at a rate of 64.3%, as well as the residents’ satisfaction with the presence of the treatment plants. It was 58.8%, and residents were not harmed by the presence of the stations and did not think about selling their housing, at a rate of 55.7%.

The study aimed to know the governance role of internal audit in reducing financial risks. This is done through the statement of how to activate the role of internal audit as a governance mechanism in order to reduce the financial risks in Sudanese Banks. The study relied on the descriptive analytical approach. The questionnaire was used to collect data from workers in the Sudanese Banking sector. The study used stepwise analysis to test the hypotheses. The study found that there is a strong direct correlation between the governance role of internal audit and reducing financial risks (Liquidity risk, credit risk, risk of exchange price, and market risk). The study recommended working on deepening the role of internal audit as one of the main governance mechanism in evaluating the effectiveness of financial risks’ management in Sudanese Banks.

“The study aimed to construct and validate a scale measuring awareness of electronic drug risks among secondary school students in the Arab sector of the Nazareth District، and to determine the level of this awareness. The study included 6590 male and female students in the second semester of the 2023/2024 academic year، with a random sample of 212 students selected.

A scale measuring awareness of electronic drug risks was constructed through a review of the previous literature. The initial version of the scale consisted of 43 items distributed across five main axes. In its final form، the scale consisted of 37 items across five axes: awareness of the risks of drugs on social relationships (12 items)، mental and physical health (8 items)، respiratory health (7 items)، emotional state (5 items)، and behavior (5 items).

The results of the study showed that the level of awareness of electronic drug risks among secondary school students in the Arab sector of the Nazareth District was moderate. The study also showed that there were no statistically significant differences in students’ responses attributable to gender، grade level، or family income. However، the study found statistically significant differences attributable to gender.

This study aims to highlight the importance of anticipatory management as a modern approach in human resources management. It does so by diagnosing the current situation and comparing it with future needs in terms of employee numbers and expertise required for specific jobs in a detailed and precise manner. It also identifies the types of jobs and competencies needed for all administrative activities, the methods for performing them, and the qualifications and specifications required for candidates to fill these positions. This strategic methodology is based on developing an integrated anticipatory plan that starts from set goals and the rapid changes in public administration.

Accordingly, the implementation of anticipatory human resources management in this sense will contribute to creating harmony, integration, and coordination among various ministerial sectors. This will play a pivotal role in the professional life of public employees and help address many of the issues faced by different human resource management functions, which negatively impact the effectiveness and productivity of human resources in public administration.

This article tries to explore the political drivers of the tribal conflicts in Sudan with especial emphasis on Darfur. It tries to answer a central question: Who is responsible for the tribal conflicts in Sudan? It also discusses a hypothesis: the politicization of the tribe constitutes one of the major reasons of the dramatic escalation of the bloody tribal conflicts in Sudan. The article reviews key concepts such as dispute, conflicts and tribalism in general and with special reference to Darfur. It provides figures and evidence-based analysis to verify the hypothesis. It also deals with the politicization of the tribe in Sudan as a major cause for igniting tribal conflicts besides other traditional reasons such as – dispute over water resources, grazing areas, land tenure (Hawakeer), along with flow of weapons from the neighboring countries notably Chad and Libya. The situation was aggravated with the emergence of the armed movements in Darfur which were mainly formed on tribal basis though the cause is one and general. They took arms against the central government as they believe that they are discriminated on ethno-regional and racial basis. The article calls upon the ruling political elites to adopt a neutral approach towards the various components of the society. The government should stop politicizing the tribe, should not intervene in the tribes’ internal affairs (the native administration), collect weapons hold unlawfully with the citizens (or tribes men), reform the system of land acquisition (cancel the Hawakeer tradition), and above all to achieve equitable and comprehensive development to put an end to the lack of justice and grievances that trigger insurgency.

It is permissible for us to distinguish, according to Antonio Gramsci, between two categories of intellectuals: the first he called the traditional intellectual, and the second he described as the organic, Praxian intellectual. Every social group comes into existence in the world of economic production, where it performs its essential function, organically creating with it one or more segments of intellectuals, giving it homogeneity and awareness of its function, not only in the economic field, but in the social and political fields as well.

This study aims to investigate the extent of the promotion of creative thinking skills among mathematics teachers in preparatory schools in the Northern Triangle area from the perspective of teachers according to the following variables: gender, years of experience, academic qualification, and number of training courses. The study is in line with modern educational trends that emphasize the importance of promoting creative thinking and improving the educational content.

The descriptive-analytical approach and a comprehensive survey of all mathematics teachers in 7 preparatory schools in the Triangle area with a total of 49 male and female teachers were used. The research tool was a questionnaire consisting of (30 items) divided into 3 areas.

The results showed that teachers have a great role in promoting students’ thinking skills, and that mathematics as a specialization allows teachers to synthesize creativity skills. Mathematics is considered a fertile environment for developing these skills as mathematical activities are flexible, allowing students to solve problems in various ways. Mathematical formula transformations provide opportunities to diversify teaching methods. In light of the ongoing changes in mathematical formulas and mathematical expression, the researchers consider this an opportunity to motivate students to think creatively.

The researchers emphasize the urgent need to understand the extent to which mathematics teachers promote creativity skills. This motivation complies with the current research that aims to assess the extent of teachers’ commitment to promoting creative thinking skills among students and improving the quality of education in the field of mathematics. The research also points to the importance of this context, especially in light of modern developments, the era of globalization and creativity, and how teachers can play a vital role in motivating students to think creatively, which contributes to the development of the modern capabilities and skills that an individual needs in the future.

This research aims to integrate fuzzy logic controllers into autonomous driving systems to enhance their performance in complex driving scenarios. The article reviews the concept of the fuzzy logic controller and its basic components, including fuzzy sets, membership functions, and inference rules, with a focus on selecting input and output variables. A simulation methodology was used to evaluate the effectiveness of fuzzy logic controllers in handling uncertainties and ambiguities in dynamic environments, emphasizing tasks such as navigation and collision avoidance. Simulation results demonstrated that fuzzy logic controllers improved the ability of the autonomous driving system to make quick and accurate decisions under challenging conditions, leading to overall system performance enhancement. These findings suggest that fuzzy logic controllers can be an effective tool to enhance the capability of autonomous driving systems to handle real-world challenges in complex driving environments, thereby improving system safety and applicability. The study highlights the advantages of fuzzy logic in handling imprecise data and discusses future research directions and the development of fuzzy logic controllers to ensure their performance improvement and increasing benefit in various fields, including intelligent control and systems requiring management of uncertainty and imprecise variables.

This study looks at how different Generative AI-driven tools affect customer behavioral engagement on e-commerce platforms. In all, 373 surveys survey responses were considered for the study, accounting for a response rate of 67.81%. The research findings show that Ad Campaign Optimization, Chatbots, and Email Marketing Automation have a substantial and positive effect on customer behavioral engagement in E-commerce platforms. By rejecting hypotheses, the study questions traditional assumptions and suggests that Personalization Engines, Predictive Analytics, and Social Media Management may not have a statistically meaningful effect on customer involvement in this e-commerce setting. These findings highlight the significance of giving some AI tools more priority than others, which has far-reaching consequences for companies trying to improve their E-commerce operations. This research adds to what is already known about how Generative AI-driven technologies affect the dynamics of customer interaction. The complexities of long-term user experiences within the dynamic environment of AI-driven e-commerce platforms, as well as the precise elements impacting tool efficacy, might be the subject of future study that would enhance our current knowledge.

The study aimed to identify the effect of cross-training on body composition, bone mineral content, and maximum muscular strength among athletes. (15) Athletes carried out Cross-Fit training for (8) weeks, and the researcher used the experimental method. With a single-group design and repeated measurement, the results of statistical analysis using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) showed that there were statistically significant differences at the level of significance (α≥0.05) between the repeated measurements, on the variables (body mass index (BMI) and fat mass ( FM), and the maximum muscular strength of the legs), while the results did not show statistically significant differences in bone mineral content, the results showed an improvement in bone mineral content (BMC), amounting to (2.85%). The researcher recommended the necessity of using cross-training, especially during the player preparation stages, because of its impact on body composition and muscle strength.

The study aimed to determine the levels of professional self-efficacy and psychological resilience, and to know the relationship between them among physical education teachers in Jerusalem governorate, in addition to knowing the effect of gender variables, the existence of a special case in the teacher’s family, and years of experience in both professional self-efficacy and psychological resilience. The sample consisted of (49) male and female teachers, and this sample represented (30.6%) of the study population.

Using the descriptive method, data was collected through a questionnaire of professional self-efficacy and psychological resilience, where the two questionnaires were collected, and the respondents responded to them at the same time.

After the statistical analysis using the Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (spss) program for the questionnaires, through the t-test for two independent samples, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficient, and percentages, the results showed that the level of professional self-efficacy is high with mean (4.39) and a relative importance (87.8%), and the level of psychological resilience is medium to high in general, as mean was (3.16) and relative importance was (63.2%) among the respondents. It also showed that there was no statistically significant relationship between professional self-efficacy and psychological resilience.

There were no statistically significant differences in professional self-efficacy or psychological resilience due to the variables of gender, experience, and the presence of a special case in the teacher’s family. The researchers concluded that the relationship between professional self-efficacy and psychological resilience among sports teachers for people with special needs depends on the specificity of the study sample and community. and they recommended several recommendations, the most important of which is to conduct ongoing courses and programs to increase professional self-efficacy and psychological resilience among physical education teachers of special needs students in Jerusalem and other areas.

The study aimed to identify the level of application of leadership ethics and its relationship to job satisfaction for principals of public education schools in Wadi Hadhramaut in the areas of leadership ethics: (personal qualities, administrative qualities, human relations) Areas of job satisfaction: (nature of work, social interaction, belonging to the profession), in light of the study variables (gender, type of education, academic qualification) The study sample consisted of (129) male and female managers, who were selected randomly, and the research tool (questionnaire) was developed to achieve the objectives of the study. It included (55) items distributed over two axes, each axis having three areas, and ensuring its validity and reliability. The study concluded that the general level of application of leadership ethics for general education school principals in its three areas, in order: (4.4336, 4.4182, 4.4265) and their level of job satisfaction in its three areas, in order: (4.1858, 4.1355, 3.7875). There are statistically significant differences at the significance level (a≤0.05) in the level of application of leadership ethics for principals of public education schools in Wadi Hadhramaut due to the gender variable in the field of personal qualities in favor of females, in the field of administrative qualities in favor of males, and in the field of human relations in favor of females. There are no statistically significant differences at the level of significance (a≤0.05) in the level of application of leadership ethics for principals of public education schools in Wadi Hadhramaut due to the variables (type of education, academic qualification). There are no statistically significant differences at the level of significance (a≤0.05) in The level of job satisfaction among general education school principals is due to the variables of the study: (Gender, type of education, academic qualification), and there is a correlation between the level of application of leadership ethics for general education school principals and job and satisfaction. In light of the results of the study, the study recommended paying attention to the moral motivation of principals by the Education Department, showing societal and media interest in the role of principals, and presenting a number of Activities and training courses to increase belonging to the teaching profession.

In this research, I have dealt with the substantive defense, which is one of the important topics in the Sharia Court Procedure Law. I have introduced the topic by defining the research terms such as defense and dowry. Then, in the first section, I have dealt with the definition of the substantive defense and the evidence for its legitimacy. In the second section, I have dealt with the divisions of the substantive defense and its conditions. In the third section, I have dealt with how to proceed with the substantive defense procedures and the means of proving it. In the fourth section, I have dealt with the substantive defenses related to the immediate and deferred dowry and the accessories of the immediate dowry. In the fifth section, I have dealt with the applications in Sharia courts of the substantive defenses in dowry lawsuits. Then, I have concluded this research with a conclusion and some results and recommendations.

Signing with a password is a form of electronic signature due to its great ability to accurately and distinctly identify the parties to the contract, in addition to the high degree of confidence and security in its use and application when concluding electronic contracts

Password signing came through the idea of secret codes and symmetric and asymmetric keys, in terms of its reliance on logarithms and technically complex mathematical equations, using a specific program, so that no one can reveal the message except the person who holds the decryption key and verify that the message was transferred. It was done using the private key in addition to verifying that the incoming message was not subject to any change or modification.

The Jordanian Evidence Law No. 30 of 1952 and its amendments considered written evidence as one of the important means of proof presented by the plaintiff to prove his claim. The Jordanian legislator divided the written evidence into three main types: official attribution, ordinary attribution, and unsigned papers Since writing has gained special importance in proof, the Jordanian legislator has made it binding on the judge, unless it is proven to be forgery or proven otherwise. Although writing is one of the legally considered evidences of proof, a distinction must be made between the writing necessary to conclude the contract and writing as a condition for proving it. The writing necessary for concluding an act differs from writing as a condition for proving it. The law or the parties to the contract may require writing to conclude the contract and not to prove it. Here, writing is considered a pillar. Formally, it is one of the pillars of the contract without which it cannot be concluded.

Due to the inability to verify in advance the actions of artificial intelligence and the consequences that may result from them that may cause material or moral harm (The inability to predict the action of artificial intelligence)
The problem lies in the fact that the program is already equipped with a number of procedures and options that it can perform (freedom and independence in choosing or making a decision), and it is impossible for the person concerned, whatever it may be, to predict the procedures, actions, or choices that the computer will take. It is even impossible to compare this problem with the actions. The harmful effects caused by an animal that can be domesticated and controlled, and then its actions can be predicted to some extent in advance, which raised the question about the suitability of the traditional rules of civil liability texts for application in this field.
Since the beginning of the industrial revolution in the countries of the European continent, scientific and technical developments and discoveries have accelerated in various aspects of life, creating successive waves that have had an echo in political, economic and legal aspects as well as their social effects. Due to the acceleration of roles and processes managed by different artificial intelligence systems that have produced modern technologies and systems. In a way that the individual may not be able to perform. This development has led to savings in the elements of time, money and speed of industrial, commercial, medical and communication delivery. In order to give everyone their right, and since people do not cease to invent, innovate and develop in this field, it was necessary to readapt and reinterpret the legal principles and texts relating to the field of civil liability in the neglected aspect of it.

This research includes talking about the importance of the purposes of Islamic law, in preparation for explaining the purposes of marriage in the Islamic religion: the original and the subordination.

This research aims to improve the stereotypes taken from Islam with regard to the issue of marriage, and to guide people to the dependency purposes of marriage, which is considered to be well -managed and worked with a happy marital life.

In this research, the researcher took the inductive approach; By induction of the Noble Qur’an, and the Sunnah of the Prophet; Up to all the purposes of marriage. The researcher also followed the descriptive approach; Mentioning what is related to those intentions, and commenting on them.

Among the most prominent results reached by the researcher through this research: the importance of the work of the necessary medical examinations before marriage, if the result of the examination is negative in childbearing, then marriage is avoided by this person; Many nation is the original destination of marriage.

This study aimed to shed light on the emergence of Zaidism in Yemen, illustrating the impact of 9th AH/15th AD-century historians on their 11th AH/17th AD-century counterparts. It also clarified the Zaidi school of thought and its approach to writing Prophetic biographies, using the work of Imam Ahmed bin Mohammed bin Salah Al-Sharfi, a prominent figure influenced by 9th AH/15th AD-century writers, as a case study. The research focused on his book, “Prophetic Biography Extracted from the Book of al-Laʼāliʼ al-muḍīʼah.” The challenge was to identify the influences on Al-Sharfi, understand his historical writing tendencies, and explore his methodology, which relied on authentic hadith with a unified approach, considering them an extension of the Quranic methodology. The study used descriptive-analytical and critical approaches and found that Al-Sharfi’s scientific personality was evident in the book’s overall organization, attention to numbers and statistics, and his effort in crafting chapter and section titles and distributing the scientific material accordingly.

This research aims to introduce the scholar Suleiman ben Yahya ben Omar Maqbool Al-Ahdal (died: 1197 AH), and to explain his approach and terminology in his book ” Fatwas “. The researcher used the historical inductive approach when introducing the scholar Suleiman ben Yahya ben Omar Maqbool Al-Ahdal (died: 1197 AH), and the descriptive approach when presenting his approach and terminology in his fatwas. One of the most prominent findings reached by the researcher is that the scholar Sulaiman al-Ahdal was a great scholar and investigator, who had a scientific standing among the scholars of his time. He was famous for his knowledge and jurisprudence, and his book “fatwas” is one of his scientific works.