This study aims to introduce the crisis in Darfur، explore its causes and underlying factors، examine its historical dimensions، and analyze the extent of its expansion. Many researchers argue that the Darfur crisis initially stemmed from conflicts over resources and later escalated، despite numerous attempts to reach a comprehensive peaceful resolution. Various international and regional actors have sought to find a solution to the conflict.

The research problem lies in the persistent complexity of the Darfur crisis، which remains unresolved due to the escalation of tribal conflicts and the severity of human rights violations committed in the region. Despite numerous regional and international efforts، stability has not been achieved، nor have the rights and freedoms of Darfur’s citizens been effectively protected.

This study endeavors to explain the causes of the Darfur crisis as comprehensively as possible، aiming to identify its root factors and uncover the true positions of the local، regional، and international parties involved in the conflict. Additionally، it seeks to explore potential future solutions. The study hypothesizes that regional and international interventions have not successfully removed the obstacles preventing a lasting resolution to the crisis. The research examines this hypothesis by tracing the developments of the conflict.

To address the research questions، achieve the study’s objectives، and clarify its purposes، a combination of scientific methodologies was employed، primarily the historical method، analytical method، and decision-making approach. These methodologies facilitated a deeper understanding of the conflict، the involved parties، relevant analyses، statements، and international and regional agreements. The study concludes with findings relevant to Darfur، both in its characterization as an ongoing conflict and in presenting viable solutions.

The study’s key recommendations emphasize the importance of justice and fairness in international relations، respect for the principles of state sovereignty، and strengthening collective security mechanisms to resolve conflicts. It also highlights the need for increased alliances and cooperation among nations across various domains and institutions.

Key Terms:

The study includes significant terms and concepts، such as:
Darfur crisis، tribal conflict، security tensions، armed movements، international intervention.

Research Structure:

The study is divided into three main sections:

1. The Geographical and Political Importance of the Darfur Region.
2. The Conflict Between Armed Movements in Darfur and the Government.
3. The Role of the United Nations and the African Union in the Darfur Crisis.

The study aimed to assess the level of professional compatibility among female teachers in Idlib Governorate. The population of the study consisted of 2,500 female teachers, from which a sample of 250 teachers was selected, representing 10% of the population, using a simple random sampling method. Data were collected through questionnaires, and the descriptive analytical method was employed.

The results revealed that the level of professional compatibility among the teachers was high, with the ability to adapt to the work environment ranking first with a high level of agreement, while relationships with colleagues ranked last with a moderate level of agreement. No statistically significant differences were found based on residential location; however, differences were observed in favor of higher educational qualifications regarding professional compatibility. Additionally, the results indicated statistically significant differences based on marital status, with single and married teachers exhibiting higher compatibility compared to other groups, while no significant differences were found between single and married teachers.

Based on these results, the study recommended enhancing material and moral incentives for teachers, organizing workshops to develop teamwork skills, and supporting communication among teachers. It also emphasized the importance of improving the work environment and reducing administrative burdens, which would contribute to enhancing the level of professional compatibility among female teachers.

This study aimed to explore the perceptions of early childhood teachers in both regular and special education regarding the use of educational puppet strategies in the Triangle Area. To address the research questions and objectives, a descriptive-analytical method was employed to align with the study’s nature. The sample consisted of 25 teachers from regular education and 25 teachers from special education in early childhood. Research instruments included 10 interviews and 50 questionnaires. The results revealed that the educational puppet strategy significantly impacts early childhood students across educational, linguistic, behavioral, emotional, and social domains. Based on these findings, the researchers recommend the adoption of the educational puppet strategy by early childhood teachers in both regular and special education.

The Ilkhanate, founded by Hulagu Khan after the fall of Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, in the 13th century, constitutes a branch of the Mongol Empire and represents one of the most pivotal periods in the history of the Islamic East, The Mongols continued their military expansion across the Islamic world, emerging as a global power on the world stage, and establishing a vast empire spanning the continents of the ancient world. This military dominance resulted in the destruction of numerous major Islamic cities, despite this devastation, the period contributed significantly to reshaping the intellectual and scientific landscape in the territories under Mongol rule. The Ilkhanids undertook the reconstruction of scientific centers and educational institutions within their domain, while the influence of Islamic civilization on their policies aimed at the revitalization of sciences and arts became increasingly evident, the interaction between scholars and intellectuals from various parts of the Islamic world played a crucial role in sustaining the movement of scholarly writing and scientific critique, despite the challenges they encountered.

 This era marked a critical juncture in the history of the Islamic East, as the scientific centers and libraries that had been destroyed by the invaders were revived, thereby contributing to the reshaping of intellectual and scientific life in the region. Furthermore, the role of scientific journeys in facilitating the exchange of knowledge between Islamic regions played an essential part in broadening the scope of knowledge and fostering a tangible scientific renaissance. “In this research paper, we will present a study of the local conditions in the Islamic East and the role of Islamic civilization in the scientific movement, as well as the role of the Ilkhanids in the renaissance of scientific institutions and the role of scholars during that contemporary period.

Many intellectuals، researchers and specialists have popularized the word: (evaluation)، they say: (work evaluation)، (research evaluation)، (thesis evaluation)، (lesson evaluation)، (teacher evaluation)، (student evaluation) and so on. And this is a big language error that many fall into. This is because the word “evaluation”، as it has an incoming origin، is a source، and otherwise، the verb is a source، so its source is as well. It is correct to say: “calendar”، so you say: (work calendar)، (research calendar) and (thesis calendar…) It indicated that the word calendar is the origin of what was mentioned in the Holy Qur’an، Qur’anic readings and the Sunnah of the Prophet and mentioned the opinions of the exchangers in that…

This research aims to provide a detailed study of educational institutions in the city of Nablus during the Mamluk period, a time when the Mamluk state in Egypt and the Levant exerted significant political and cultural influence. The study explores the development of intellectual life in Nablus during this era, with a focus on the role of the Mamluk sultans in promoting the scholarly movement, the nature of education, and the educational centers that contributed to the city’s intellectual renaissance.

The research is organized into two main sections: the first examines the origin, development, and governance system of the Mamluk state, while the second highlights the role of the Mamluk sultans in supporting educational institutions in Nablus during the Mamluk period. The research has led to several significant findings, notably:

1. The flourishing of intellectual life in Nablus: The findings reveal a notable advancement in educational and scholarly institutions during the Mamluk era. Schools, mosques, and zawiyas became key centers for disseminating knowledge and advancing religious and linguistic sciences.
2. The role of the Mamluk sultans in supporting education: The research underscores the significant role played by the Mamluk sultans in enhancing the intellectual movement in Nablus. Their policies were instrumental in supporting educational and scientific institutions, thereby helping to solidify the cultural and intellectual values in the city.

The study relies on a variety of historical sources, including documents, manuscripts, and literary and historical references, which were analyzed to understand the intellectual environment in Nablus during this period. This approach has allowed for an in-depth examination of how these factors influenced the city’s scientific development, contributing to a deeper understanding of Nablus’s history and its impact on culture and science during the medieval era.

Legumes are an important source for enhancing nutritional value، as they can be used to produce new and innovative food products that reduce reliance on animal-based foods. Chickpeas and Cawpea are among the most important legumes rich in essential nutrients. This study aims to evaluate the nutritional value of these two legume varieties by analyzing their chemical composition، with a focus on major and minor mineral elements. The results show that chickpeas contain a high percentage of fat and fiber، at 4.947% and 10.140%، respectively. On the other hand، Cawpea are a good source of protein، with a protein content of 31.975%. Both legumes are also rich in mineral nutrients، particularly iron، potassium، calcium، magnesium، phosphorus، sodium، and zinc. However، the concentrations of different mineral elements were found to be nutritionally unbalanced.

This study aimed to explore the relationship between optimism and self-efficacy among psychological counselors in Syrian schools. The research population comprised 1,560 counselors, with a purposive sample of 156 selected from the provinces of Aleppo, Damascus, Rural Damascus, and Latakia. The study utilized the Optimism and Pessimism Scale developed by Ahmed Abdel Khalek and the Self-Efficacy Scale by Lent et al. for data collection.

The researcher employed a descriptive method, which is suitable for studying the relationships between variables. The results revealed a strong positive correlation between levels of optimism and self-efficacy among psychological counselors. Counselors with higher optimism demonstrated greater capacity to face challenges and achieve positive outcomes in their advisory roles. Additionally, the data indicated that females constituted a larger percentage of the sample, suggesting potential gender-based influences on optimism and self-efficacy.

The study recommends the integration of strategies to enhance optimism in training programs for psychological counselors, the organization of regular workshops to develop optimistic skills, and the support of future research in this area to improve counseling performance and the quality of services provided.

The study aimed to forecast the future of psychological and educational guidance among professionals in the field of psychological counseling in the Dana region, utilizing a descriptive analytical approach. A sample of 180 individuals was selected, constituting 20% of the study population, which includes approximately 900 workers in this field. The selection process was carried out using simple random sampling to ensure balanced results.

The researcher employed a questionnaire as a tool for collecting quantitative data regarding psychological and educational guidance. The questionnaire was designed to encompass several dimensions related to various aspects of guidance, based on a review of the literature and previous studies.

The results indicated that current guidance practices were at a high level, reflecting the commitment of counselors to apply effective methods and their awareness of the importance of their role. The findings also revealed significant challenges, including work-related pressures and a lack of community awareness, necessitating the development of new strategies to address these obstacles.

Regarding future trends, participants expressed optimism about the future of psychological guidance, driven by an increasing recognition of its importance and advancements in technology.

The study recommends developing specialized training programs to enhance counselors’ skills in managing psychological crises, establishing support networks for exchanging experiences, and organizing awareness campaigns to educate the community about the importance of psychological guidance. Additionally, it is essential to review training curricula to incorporate the latest technologies and to implement flexible strategies for addressing psychological and social pressures.

This study aimed to evaluate the degree of implementation of the internal control system in non-profit organizations in northern Syria. The study population consisted of 700 workers in various humanitarian organizations. A random sample of 70 workers was selected, representing 10% of the population, and a questionnaire was used as the data collection tool. The study adopted a mixed methodology that combines quantitative and qualitative approaches, enabling a comprehensive understanding of the internal control system.

The results showed that the degree of implementation of the internal control system was significant, with the “control environment” dimension receiving the highest level of agreement, while “monitoring and internal control” ranked last but still showed a high level of agreement. Statistically significant differences were found in the average responses of the sample based on variables such as educational qualifications and years of service, with differences favoring those with a degree in Business Administration and those with more than 10 years of experience.

The study’s recommendations included increasing awareness of the role of internal control, enhancing control activities, and maintaining a sustainable control environment. It also suggested strengthening internal controls and procedures, leveraging Business Administration qualifications, and allocating continuous training programs to enhance competencies. Finally, it recommended conducting periodic evaluations of the effectiveness of the internal control system to ensure continuous improvement.

This research aims to clarify the ruling on the times when fasting is prohibited, other than the prohibition. Based on evidence and evidence. The researchers adopted the descriptive, inductive and deductive-analytical-comparative approach, by following the research issues and its scientific material, analyzing and comparing them to reach the most correct opinion, and without reviewing them as the rest. The study came in an introduction, and five sections: The first topic: Defining the title and controlling its concept. And the second topic: the intercourse and reunion during fasting -without an acceptable justification -. And the third topic: Fasting while travelling. Then the conclusion: it contains the most important results and recommendations. Several conclusions can be drawn; The most important of them: The two researchers adopted the times they likely disliked -which are mentioned above-, with the aim of increasing hardship and harm, and supported by sound evidence.

This study examined the impact of job satisfaction on organizational performance from the perspective of employees in Sudanese banks, utilizing a descriptive analytical approach. This methodology aims to describe the characteristics of administrative leadership and institutional performance, while analyzing the effects of leadership on performance outcomes. Data were collected through questionnaires and interviews, with 200 questionnaires distributed and 165 employees responding. The study population included all individuals affiliated with Sudanese banks, and a random sample was selected to reflect the diversity of experiences and opinions through demographic variables such as years of experience and educational levels.

The findings revealed that the level of job satisfaction among bank employees was high, and the level of organizational performance was very high. The study identified a statistically significant effect of job satisfaction on organizational performance, with no significant differences in the average scores of the sample based on gender or educational qualifications. However, significant differences were found in the average scores of the sample according to the number of years of experience in the banking sector, favoring employees with more extensive experience (over 10 years).

Based on the findings, the study suggests that banks should invest in training programs to enhance employee skills, contributing to increased job satisfaction and improved organizational performance. Additionally, it recommends enhancing communication channels within institutions to foster a positive work environment and increase job satisfaction. These measures are not only essential for improving organizational performance but will also contribute to developing effective management strategies that reflect employees’ needs and bolster their loyalty to the institution.

The research aims to clarify the methodology of the scholar Yahya ibn Hamza in his comprehensive jurisprudential work (The Book of Victory over the Scholars of the Regions), highlighting the author’s extensive efforts in elucidating jurisprudential and foundational issues, as well as his vast knowledge and profound jurisprudence. The researcher also demonstrates the characteristics of the author’s methodology in his books and works in general, and specifically in his work The Book of Victory. The researcher concludes that the scholar Yahya ibn Hamza is one of the fair-minded scholars of the Zaydi school, who is described as having a balanced scientific approach. He has been recognized by scholars for his depth in Islamic sciences, his diligence, and his prolific writing while striving for truth and fairness, mentioning differing opinions and preferences based on what he sees as correct through a disciplined scientific methodology. The author’s approach in The Book of Victory is distinctly different from those of other scholars and jurists both preceding and following him in Zaydi jurisprudential writing. He excelled in the precise classification of this great art, establishing a unique methodology in presenting the opinions of jurisprudential schools, providing evidence for them, and articulating his distinctive and precise preferences. His methodology is characterized by orderliness in presentation, effort, and a disciplined approach. The researcher also presents a brief yet detailed translation of the author, the objectives of the book, and the author’s style, followed by a detailed mention of the author’s other works.

The study aimed to reveal the difficulties and obstacles for implementing the cooperative learning strategy from the perspective of teachers in the southern triangle in the Palestinian interior in light of three dimensions related to the teacher, the learner and the educational environment, and to know the effect of the experience variable. To verify the research questions and hypotheses, the researchers used the descriptive analytical approach. The study sample consisted of 100 male and female teachers, who were selected randomly. The research tool consisted of a questionnaire, which consisted of 38 paragraphs divided into three areas, namely (obstacles related to the teacher, obstacles related to the learner and obstacles related to the educational environment). The results of the study showed that the level of obstacles for implementing the cooperative learning strategy was high, in comparison to obstacles related to the educational environment which ranked first, then obstacles related to the student, then obstacles related to the teacher. The results also showed that there are differences in the degree of identifying obstacles to implementing the cooperative learning strategy among secondary school teachers attributed to the experience variable. The researchers reached a set of recommendations, the most important of which are: working on organizing continuous training programs to develop teachers’ abilities to implement cooperative learning effectively. Working on implementing training programs that focus on developing teamwork skills, such as role division and conflict resolution. Working on modifying educational policies to include cooperative learning as an essential part of the curricula.

Review: The incidence curve of end stage renal disease is in dramatic exaggeration. On the same side in spite of  intensive efforts to improve dialysis care events, anemia remains a life threatening problem among hemodialysis patients. Improper follow up and management of patients on dialysis is the main cause of iron deficiency anemia associated with significant morbidity, and increased risk of mortality. 

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate serum levels of Hemoglobin hepcidin and CRP among end stage renal disease patients.

Methods: This study is a cross- sectional study conducted in Kosti city , White Nile State, Sudan, during a period of Jan to April  2019. 104 subjects were selected of them 52 diagnosed as ESRD patients while the other closely matched were represent ted the reference group. The gender among the study groups were 40 males and 12 are female all of them older than 17 years.  Hemoglobin, reactive protein and hepcidin were estimated. 

Result: The estimated levels of the parameters under investigation when compared with reference value revealed significance increase. There is no correlation between parameters on side and weight, age and sex on other side. Hepcidin and C- reactive protein  were significant increased in patients compared to control group.  

Conclusion: Serum hepcidin and C- reactive protein were increased reflecting active inflammatory process and iron status abnormality among patients with end stage renal disease on regular hemodialysis this may be attributed to weak points in follow up program regarding nutrition and periodical screening of inflammation screening among those patients.

 differences in the interpretations of the ruling on the feet in ablution. It aims to clarify the interpretations that were mentioned in regard to the ‘verse of ablution.’ Surat Al-Ma’idah, verse (6), “O you who have believed, when you rise to prayer, wash your faces and your hands to the elbows and wipe over your heads and your feet to the ankles.” It also aims to clarify the opinions of jurists of the ruling on the feet in ablution in light of the above mentioned verse interpretations.

This research followed in its methodology the inductive-deductive method, and the comparative method. The most important findings of the research were: clarifying the reasons for the differences of jurists in the ruling on the feet in ablution, that interpretations of the Quranic verse have a clear effect on the jurisprudential rulings, and that whenever a companion or follower -may Allah have mercy on them all -said that the ruling on the feet in ablution is wiping he must also report that the ruling on the feet in ablution is washing.

This research deals with the idea of ​​myths among the ancient pre-Islamic Arabs, and how these myths influenced the pre-Islamic thought, and changed his ideas, beliefs, customs and traditions in his life affairs; these changes included all aspects of his life; therefore, the research first presented the concept of myth, then the research focused on the most important myths related to the manifestations of nature, so it began with the myths of water, rain and wells, and explained the secret of the Arabs’ sanctification of water, and mentioned the types of rain-seeking, and the most important myths that revolved around the Zamzam Well and the Al-Akhsaf Well. Then he moved on to talk about myths related to fire, and how the Arabs glorified fire, and explained its types that were known to them, such as Al-tahalof fire, Al-harratain fire, Al-Mahool fire, and the fire of rain-seeking, and that fire was the companion of the dog, the ghost and the underworld. In the third section of myths, the talk was about the myths of mountains and stones that were closely linked to the sanctification of stone and idols, the gods of the pre-Islamic Arabs. They made a special myth for each of their idols, and how it accompanied them in wars, and how it protected those who sought refuge in it, so they slaughtered for it and shaved their heads at it. He mentioned the myths of The Metamorphosis of Isaf and Na’ila, and the myth of Mount Tayye and the idol of al-Fals. The conclusion came to present the most important results reached by this research.

Objectives:
This research explores the intricate relationship between social media addiction and the quality of family life among Jordanian educators. By examining this dynamic, the study aims to provide insights into how digital behaviors influence familial well-being within the context of education professionals.

Methods:
The study employed two validated scales: a Social Media Addiction Scale, assessing behavioral, emotional, social, and cognitive dimensions, and a Family Quality of Life Scale, measuring aspects such as family interaction, emotional satisfaction, material well-being, and child-rearing practices. A sample of 380 educational professionals was surveyed. Data collection and analysis were conducted using a descriptive correlational methodology to identify significant patterns and relationships.

Results:
The findings revealed a moderate prevalence of social media addiction among participants, contrasted by a notably high level of family life quality. Furthermore, a significant negative correlation was identified between social media addiction and family life quality, highlighting the potential disruptive impact of excessive digital engagement on familial dynamics.

Conclusions:
The results underscore the importance of fostering awareness about mindful social media use and the development of targeted psychosocial support programs aimed at enhancing family life quality among educational professionals. These findings call for actionable interventions to mitigate the challenges posed by social media addiction, ensuring a balanced integration of digital habits into daily life without compromising familial well-being.

This study attempts to make a clear distinction between the concept of religion, which is confusing to many when it is used and differs in its reality and source. It also attempts to define the field of religion and its domain, as well as the field of natural science and its domain, in order to clarify the relationship between religion and science and reason based on the definition of their nature and domain. 

the study reveals through dealing with examples of natural scientific postulates and measuring them against some religious texts from the Qur’an and the Torah to consider what determines the relationship between science and religion, whether the relationship in positive or negative according to these postulates and texts, as some of these comparative topics show the relationship between true science and Islamic religion on the one hand, and between it and Judaism and Christianity on the other hand. 

The study also identifies the relationship between the Islamic religion and reason as a tool for science and understanding, examining its importance and necessity, its position in the Islamic religion, and its relationship with legislation.

In addition to the above, this study highlights the implications of the issue of the conflict between science and religion by showing the extent of the impact of this issue on the contemporary Arab mind and thought.

The great scientific renaissance in human history was accompanied by developments in western human thought was aligned with exceptional circumstances that formed its causes for these developments and intellectual currents in the western environment, which later had its position on religion in general without distinction. These developments in Europe and their effects and projections on the contemporary human mind and thought, represented in the attempt to isolate thought, reason and its product (science) from religion, by creating separation between science and religion, and portraying them on opposite sides, so this perception withdrew to the minds of many who followed this approach in the world.

The study aimed to examine the impact of implementing an internal control system in the context of electronic accounting data processing in commercial banks in Sebha. To achieve this, the analytical descriptive approach was used to design a questionnaire as the primary tool for data collection. The questionnaire was distributed to a sample of financial employees and internal auditors, with a random sample size of 84 individuals. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to input and analyze the data and test the study’s hypotheses. The study concluded by rejecting the null hypothesis and accepting the alternative hypothesis, which states that there is a statistically significant impact of the internal control system in the context of electronic accounting data processing. Additionally, the study accepted the two null hypotheses and rejected the alternative hypothesis, indicating that there are no significant differences in respondents’ answers at a significance level of 0.05 attributed to personal variables (gender, job title, educational level, academic specialization, and work experience). Based on these findings, the researcher provided several recommendations aimed at enhancing the level of electronic processing in Libyan commercial banks.

 the city of Sebha, as a parasitic disease threatening human health. Hydatid cysts are the larval stage of the parasite Echinococcus granulosus, which is transmitted from animals to humans through contamination with infected feces. The study focuses on determining the prevalence of the disease among the city’s population, as well as analyzing the environmental, social, and health factors influencing the spread of the disease. It also assesses the level of health awareness among the population regarding prevention methods for hydatid cysts. Finally, the study provides recommendations to reduce the spread of the disease and improve healthcare services for affected individuals.

This research aims to apply certain instances of the constructive sentence while illustrating the semantic impact of each within specific examples found in the poetry collection Nafahat wa Jamrat. This is conducted through a methodological study based on the principles of modern linguistics.

The study follows a structured approach, beginning with an introduction, followed by thematic discussions, and concluding with a summary of key findings and a list of sources and references. The first section explores the concept of formation, language, linguistic structuring, and the aesthetic aspects of poetry. The second section examines the semantic impact of constructive sentences in the collection.

To achieve the study’s objectives, the researcher employs a descriptive-analytical approach while incorporating elements of statistical methodology. The findings indicate that syntactic structures containing the aforementioned linguistic phenomena are significantly prevalent in the analyzed verses. Consequently, these structures can be generalized across all poems in the corpus, though there is variation in the employed elements, with some dominating others based on their contextual impact.

This study examines the conditions of Jerusalem during the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II (1876-1909), a period marked by significant political, social, scientific, and cultural challenges, particularly amid increasing colonial and Zionist ambitions toward Palestine and Jerusalem.

The research focuses on the policies of Sultan Abdul Hamid II regarding Jerusalem from a scientific and cultural perspective, as well as the city’s significance within the Ottoman vision. It also explores the efforts undertaken by the Ottoman state to strengthen Jerusalem’s status and protect it from foreign interventions. Additionally, the study highlights the educational institutions, the Arabization movement in the city, and the role of the local population in preserving Jerusalem’s Islamic and Arab identity.

The main objective of this thesis is to shed light on Sultan Abdul Hamid II’s role in safeguarding the city against colonial projects and to analyze the policies he implemented to achieve this goal. Furthermore, it documents the challenges faced by Jerusalem during this period and their impact on its future.

The study relies on a diverse range of Ottoman and foreign sources, as well as historical references. It employs a descriptive and analytical methodology to understand the historical and political context of Jerusalem in this era.

 diversity and political conflicts in Sudan and their impact on national identity, focusing on the post-2019 period. It employs a comparative analytical approach by reviewing literature, analyzing documents, and examining online articles to identify knowledge gaps. The findings indicate that Sudan faces significant challenges in managing diversity due to colonial legacies and exclusionary policies, which have fueled tribal conflicts and deepened political and social divisions, particularly after the December 2018 Revolution and the 2023 war between the army and the Rapid Support Forces. The study recommends developing a comprehensive national project that embraces diversity, strengthening civil institutions, combating racist discourse, promoting social justice, and ensuring fair representation in governance. It also calls for the unification of the armed forces under civilian leadership, fostering national reconciliation, empowering civil society, and leveraging international support to build institutions and achieve stability.

This study aims to analyze the relationship between cultural  diversity and political conflicts in Sudan and their impact on national identity, focusing on the post-2019 period. It employs a comparative analytical approach by reviewing literature, analyzing documents, and examining online articles to identify knowledge gaps. The findings indicate that Sudan faces significant challenges in managing diversity due to colonial legacies and exclusionary policies, which have fueled tribal conflicts and deepened political and social divisions, particularly after the December 2018 Revolution and the 2023 war between the army and the Rapid Support Forces. The study recommends developing a comprehensive national project that embraces diversity, strengthening civil institutions, combating racist discourse, promoting social justice, and ensuring fair representation in governance. It also calls for the unification of the armed forces under civilian leadership, fostering national reconciliation, empowering civil society, and leveraging international support to build institutions and achieve stability.