States respect democratic principles and devote ongoing efforts to the promotion of human rights and fundamental freedoms, and peaceful circulation of power; Conduct of fair elections and separation of authority with a view to building democratic political systems and the electoral system plays an important role in the democratic transition process, reflecting the people’s interaction with the decision-making process and the Constitution and laws related to elections are one of the means of promoting democratic values, Morocco has witnessed a series of constitutional and legal reforms aimed at strengthening the role of democratic institutions and improving the transparency of the electoral process and to promote effective political participation, which are essential tools in promoting democratic governance, the rule of law, social inclusion and economic development, as well as reforms related to election regulations and laws, enhanced oversight and anti-corruption The role of civil society and the democratization of political participation have been strengthened through legislation that promotes citizens’ rights and protects their funda mental freedoms. This article aims to explore Morocco’s electoral system and the constitutional and legal reforms it has witnessed in order to strengthen democracy and improve the electoral process.

established the litigation and bore its expenses, as he is the first
stakeholder in its continuation and judgment on its merits. However, the
plaintiff may have an interest in relinquishing it and sacrificing the measures
taken without waiting for a ruling on its merits.
Therefore, the litigation is to be waived and its specific implications are to
be legally effective if its terms were met. The plaintiff or the appellant, may
express his or her will to waive the litigation, by one of the means prescribed
by law, at any time, and in any state of the proceedings taken prior the
verdict to the dispute when an interest in the waiver appeared to the
plaintiff. When the court verified that binding terms of the waiver and its
acceptance have been deemed valid, the court issues its verdict to terminate
the litigation by the waiver. Consequently, the litigation shall be terminated
by all its procedures and effects including the petition with no influence on
validity of the lawsuit. Judicial litigation thus expires procedurally without
a judgment on its merits, and does not preclude resubmission
the case again to the court unless the right has been barred by time.

On February 6, 2023, a devastating earthquake measuring 7.8 on the Richter scale struck southeastern Turkey, causing massive destruction in many cities and towns. This study aims to analyze how Turkey has dealt with its economic effects?!  What is the magnitude of this disaster?! Does it have legal and scientific connotations?! From this point of view, the importance of the study and its reason are evident, and the research came in an introduction, three axes and a conclusion. The first axis: the economic effects of the earthquake, the second axis: Turkey’s treatment of the economic effects of the earthquake. The third axis: the legal and scientific implications of it. In this research, I have followed the descriptive, inductive and analytical approach.

That the duty of spending legally and legally of the duties of the husband at the beginning and there is no dispute in which the places of work of women outside or inside the home has terms and conditions and the extent to which her expense is affected by her work, some of the jurisprudence of the toil of her work dropped for her alimony and others told her alimony, but on the condition of her husband’s consent to go out and work, as well as show that the work of a woman is a support for the man and his family, she spends what she gets from her work on the house and her family, she is the backbone of the family and the unknown soldier who is all Domestic fatigue, raising children and alimony on them, she toils and tires and spends all her money in order to make her family happy, while the law of the law stipulates that the duty to spend is one of the duties of the husband.

The study targeted the impact of the cinema workshop as an artistic medium in shaping the culture of club children after seeking a lack of interest in the cultural aspect in childhood institutions in Tunisia. Hence, we worked on proposing an artistic medium represented by cinematic workshops that provide a cultural space for the child in the club.

In this study, we relied on the quasi-experimental approach, by conducting a pre- and post-questionnaire for the control and experimental groups, which were chosen using a purposive sampling method, by choosing two groups that were similar in characteristics to ensure the validity of the results. The control group belonged to the children’s club in Jelma and the experimental group belonged to the Brahmi children’s club in Sidi Bouzid. This experiment was also held at the Brahmi Children’s Club in Sidi Bouzid, where cinema workshops were held and five cinematic films were shown to the children of the experimental sample, and a periodic questionnaire was conducted after each film was shown, for a period of time that lasted a month and a half.

In this research, we reached the following results:

Cinema contributes to shaping children’s culture and supports their openness to cultural diversity.

Cinema stimulates the discovery of new cultural features.

Cinema has a role in helping children promote citizenship and positive interaction between cultures.

At the end of this research, we proposed an attempt to adopt educational institutions and childhood institutions through artistic media, such as cinema, as exemplary tools for enhancing the cultural element of children and an attempt to provide activities that contain contents of different cultures to contribute to building culturally cohesive societies.

The flash or signature poem is one of the bold experiments in modern  Arabic poetry – even if it is established for it a number of critics have rooted in the Arab literary  heritage, and made another number an extension of the Japanese haiku – it is a text intense provokes the receiver’s taste and invites him to read the shadows of the text, by creating a communicative relationship between the text creator and the recipient, it rests on rhetorical overtones that break the rhythmic habit, with its own rhythmic features that include lyrical poetics. Dramatic at the same time, the length of the poem is reduced to short phrases brimming with semantics. The study aims to critically read the manifestations of the flashy poem, and to show its characteristics by analysing selected poetic texts from contemporary Libyan poetry, and to contribute to presenting the Libyan poetic achievement to the recipient according to the tools of the descriptive analytical method.

 This research includes a detailed study of educational institutions in the city of Nablus during the Mamluk period, and focuses on the period extending from the year (648-922 AH / 1215-1517 AD), which is the period in which the Mamluk state ruled in Egypt and the Levant.

  The research dealt with various aspects of scientific life and its development, such as the role of the Mamluk sultans in the scientific movement in Nablus, types of education, and educational institutions that contributed to the scientific renaissance.

a. The results of the research revealed the flourishing of the life of science in Nablus during the Mamluk era, as educational and scientific institutions developed significantly, until schools, mosques, and zawiyas became centers for the exchange of knowledge and the development of religious and linguistic sciences.

b. The research contributed to shedding light on the prominent role played by the Mamluk sultans in enriching scientific life in the city of Nablus during the Mamluk period. The sultans had a great influence in encouraging science and consolidating cultural values, and they adopted policies supportive of educational and scientific institutions in the city.

The research relied on various historical sources, including documents, manuscripts, and literary and historical references. These sources will be reviewed to understand the scientific environment in Nablus during the Mamluk era, and their impact on scientific development in the city will be studied, with the aim of shedding light on the role of Nablus as an important scientific and cultural center Mamluk era And understanding the development of scientific life in the city during that period. The results and analyzes will contribute to enriching knowledge about the history of Nablus and its influence on culture and science during the Middle Ages.

In this study، I targeted the aspects of agreement and difference in the reasons for the revelation between the two Imams Al-Jashmi Al-Sam’ani in their interpretation; Because of its importance to interpretation scholars، through it the wisdom that motivates the legislation of governance is known، and through the reasons for the revelation it is easy to memorize the Book of God Almighty – and it is easy to understand، and I listed examples that show the agreement or fabrication that the two imams have، and their position on the science of the reasons for the revelation، and I mentioned the formulas used by them in mentioning the reasons for the revelation، and among the most prominent I reached: The two Imams Al-Sam’ani and Al-Jushmi have the greatest luck and the largest share in this knowledge، with Imam Al-Jushmi tipping the balance in favor of Imam Al-Jushmi، and the truth is that there is a similarity between the two books on the one hand، and a divergence on the other hand in the science of the reasons for the revelation. I also knew the notable figures mentioned except the famous companions in a brief translation، and I dispensed with defining books when mentioning them with what was detailed in the list of references، and I used the descriptive، inductive، and analytical approach.

The research in the symmetry of the artistic image in the Holy Qur’an highlights the face of Qur’anic rhetoric, and opens the way for ample to highlight the rhetorical miracles in the Holy Qur’an, and the aim of this research is to reveal the symmetrical images of similes, metaphors and metonymy in the Holy Qur’an, And the statement of the stylistic and rhetorical miracles that characterize it, and the coherence and coherence in those artistic images. Revealing the subtleties and beauty of the symmetry in what can be considered another evidence reveals one of the rhetorical miracles in the Holy Qur’an. And highlight the stylistics of the corresponding verses in terms of compositional and semantic characteristics, and the statement of artistic images, with the analysis of each of these characteristics in accordance with the research methodology.

This research came in three sections: the first in analogy, the second in metaphor, and the third in metonymy. The research concluded several results, most notably:

– The importance of symmetrical images was represented in the way they portray the meaning, which imposed a kind of attention to what they display, and increased interaction with that meaning in the recipient, which created a kind of unlimited awareness of the concepts depicted by him.

This research deals with the statement of the false foundations of the author of the two series in his lack of belief in Al-Tirmidhi’s commendation of some types of narrators. His weakening of hadiths was based on these false foundations, wasting hundreds of hadiths on those who are offended by his judgments, on which what these hadiths contain rulings and Sunnah with a statement of invalidity, The research included an introduction, and four research papers, and a conclusion, the statement of which comes at the forefront of the research.

This research means studying some of the meanings in the Almighty’s saying: (O you who have believed, do not approach prayer while you are intoxicated until you know what you are saying…) A comparative analytical study.

It aims to explain the following meanings in the verse: (prayer, passers-by, water, touch, plain), as well as clarifying the limit that applies to drunkenness, and explaining the ruling on someone who is drunk until the time for prayer has passed.

I concluded several conclusions, the most important of which are: that what is meant by prayer in the verse is: the reality of prayer, and that the definition of drunkenness according to the majority of commentators is one who does not know what he is saying, and his words are mostly delusions. Because (what) in his saying: (what you say) is a general form, this indicates that whoever does not know everything he says is drunk, even if he knows some, and that whoever is drunk until the time for prayer comes out, it is obligatory for him to make up for it if he wakes up from his drunkenness, according to scholarly consensus.

According to the majority of commentators, what is meant by his saying: “passers-by” is to pass through the mosque, and the meaning is: Do not approach the mosques side by side unless you are passing by; Because there is no path other than it, or there is water in it.

And in the verse there is a deletion of appreciation,

 The meaning of touching in the verse is: intercourse.

What is meant by water in the verse is pure water in which none of its three characteristics has changed: (taste, color, smell), so it is permissible to perform ablution with it and wash with it, just as scholars have unanimously agreed that if water is mixed with something pure, and one of its three characteristics changes, and does not dominate its parts, then it is Pure, purifying.

According to the majority of scholars, the meaning of the earth in the verse is everything that ascends on the face of the earth, and dirt, sand, trees, plants, and mud are included in it.

This research includes the meanings of the formula (Infaa’la) and its derivatives in the Arabic language, and the impact of these meanings on the interpretation of the Holy Quran, with an indication of the places where the interpreters differed in the meaning of the formula (Infaa’la).

This research aims to identify the meanings of the form (Infaa’la) and their implications in the language. And standing on the sayings of the interpreters in the meaning of the formula (Infaa’la) in the book of God Almighty. And standing on the points of difference in some of the places mentioned in the Holy Qur’an in the form of (Infaa’la). And to highlight the complementary aspect between the sciences of the Arabic language and the science of interpretation.

In this research, the two researchers used the inductive approach, by extrapolating the Holy Qur’an, reaching out to count all the places that were mentioned in it in the form of (Infaa’la) and other formulas that has been derived from it.  The researchers also followed the descriptive approach by mentioning what is related to the places mentioned in the Holy Qur’an in the form of (Infaa’la) and what has been derived from it, with commenting, discussion and weighting.

Among the most prominent findings of the two researchers through this research: that the total number of places in which the word (Infaa’la) and its derivatives mentioned in the Holy Qur’an are sixty-six places. And that the meaning agreed upon for the formula (Infaa’la) is obedience, as applied by the masses of linguists and exegetes, and that the total number of places in which a group of exegetes and others came out with different meaning is six places, and it can be easily returned to the meaning of obedience.

The present study aims to assess and evaluate the translation quality of Cultural Markers. It investigates the problems and errors found in the Arabic translation namely Herman Hesse’s (Rosshalde) novel translated by Yemeni translator Abdulwahab Al-Maqaleh, using House Quality Assessment Model. To reach the aim of the study, the researcher selected randomly some of cultural markers of an original Novel. The ST was first read thoroughly and then the TT was compared, several mismatches were found at practically every three dimensions of register (field, tenor, and mode). Here, the study conclude that These mismatches have exposed the nature of the error, i.e., overtly erroneous errors. which categorized into five categories Not translated, Slight change in meaning, Significant change in meaning, Distortion of meaning and Creative translation. The errors that appeared, prove that the quality of translation many of the culture markers is not acceptable, but not all the markers.

 The study examined the role of accounting disclosure on the quality of accounting information. The problem of the study was that the real problem behind financial instability lies in the low level of accounting disclosure by banks and the lack of transparency at times. Therefore, this study came to find out the true relationship between the levels of accounting disclosure in the quality of accounting information and its implications locally and internationally. The study aimed to measure the effect of levels of accounting disclosure (full disclosure – fair disclosure – adequate disclosure) on the quality of accounting information. The study tested the following hypotheses: Levels of accounting disclosure (full disclosure – fair disclosure – adequate disclosure) affect the quality of accounting information.The study reached several results, including: Full disclosure for banks listed on the Khartoum Stock Exchange displays comprehensive accounting information in the financial statements. Adequate disclosure for banks listed on the Khartoum Stock Exchange displays the minimum and according to the needs of users of accounting information in the financial statements. Fair disclosure for banks listed on the Khartoum Stock Exchange displays the minimum and according to the needs of users of accounting information in the financial statements. Khartoum Securities takes into account the interests of different categories of users of accounting information in an equal and fair manner. The study recommended the need for Sudanese banks to pay attention to activating accounting disclosure requirements, the need to improve the level of accounting disclosure and the quality of accounting information to achieve the aspirations of users, and the need to assist the Sudanese banking sector in achieving accounting disclosure and raising the credibility of financial reports.

In order to improve the quality of university education outcomes, it is important to examine and assess key performance indicators (KPIs). KPIs, or Key Performance Indicators, are quantifiable metrics used to assess the efficiency and success of a company in attaining its primary objectives. Organizations utilize Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) to ascertain if they are progressing in the correct trajectory or not. Several metrics for higher educational institutions have been previously created. However, the primary concern is determining the appropriate indicators that align with the institution’s objectives and effectively measuring these indicators. This study introduces a model that use text mining technology and feature extraction to explore and measure Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). Instead of relying on traditional questionnaire-based methods, the program automatically measures indicators. KPIs are measured to assess the influence of investigating these indicators on the overall performance of higher education institutions. The data for this study was gathered using methodological instruments, and several crucial indicators were utilized, including teaching and learning, students, faculty members, scientific research, government, leadership and management, mission, vision, and strategic planning. The topics encompassed in this text include the resources provided by institutions, the study programs for advanced degrees, the impact and outcomes of university education, the caliber of graduates, the educational programs supplied to the public, as well as conferences, seminars,, and research activities. The researcher employed the descriptive analytical approach and derived several findings, which were outlined in the study’s results. These findings included the quantification of the impact of each performance indicator on the quality of Higher Education outcomes Quality principles, Quality of university, education outcomes, KPIs

 The current study aimed to identify the methods of classroom control that are common in government middle schools in the Jerusalem city. The sample of the study consisted of (114) male and female teachers from government prep schools in the Jerusalem Governorate during the academic year 2022-2023, who were chosen by simple random method. The study used the descriptive method and the scale of classroom control methods prepared by the researcher after reviewing the studies and the measures related to the subject of the study. The results concluded that the arrangement of classroom control methods from the teachers’ point of view in government preparatory schools in the city of Jerusalem was as follows: the first is the guiding preventive method with an arithmetic mean (3.70), and the second rank is the reproductive, reprimanding method with an arithmetic average (3.37), and finally the method occupied Punitive and authoritarian rank third with an average score of (3.12). The results also showed that there were no statistically significant differences in the areas of indicative preventive method and reprimanded reproach method due to the parameter of the teacher gender, while the differences were statistically significant in the field of authoritarian punitive style and in the interest of teachers. And the absence of statistically significant differences in the areas of guiding preventive and reprimanded reproach method due to the variable of the teacher’s academic qualification, except for the field of authoritarian punitive style. The current study also showed that there were no statistically significant differences in the averages of teachers’ attitudes towards using classroom control methods due to the variable of years of experience in the three fields of study and the total degree. Based on the results of the current study, a number of recommendations were made for decision makers, including holding training courses and workshops to help teachers how to deal with behavioral problems facing them in the classroom.

This study aimed to identify the methods of psychological operations strategies in the media speeches of the spokesman for the Al-Qassam Brigades, “Abu Ubaida,” and the spokesman for the Israeli occupation army, “Daniel Hagari,” during the events of the Tufan Alaqs in 2023. The study relied on the descriptive analytical method, the comparative method, and the content analysis tool to reach the desired results. The study population was represented by the speeches of each speaker with a sample of 20 speeches. Among the most prominent results, Abu Ubaida aims, through his messages in his speech, to deliver strong messages that affect the public and raise the morale of the Palestinians and the fear of the Israelis. It uses psychological methods to frustrate the Israeli army and prove the successes of the resistance fighters. As for Israeli army spokesman Daniel Hagari, most of his speeches came in response to Abu Ubaida’s speeches in justification and defense, in addition to his keenness to distort the reputation of the Hamas movement. Among the most prominent conclusions is that there is a difference between the speeches of Abu Ubaida and Hagari due to the difference in ideas, social background, affiliation, religion, and even language between the two parties and the society they are directed to. There is also importance to the speech, the style of the speech, its goals, and the strategies that the sender must possess in order to gain the audience’s appreciation and admiration.

The study aims to analyze the concept of digital transformation, its development, and the necessity of moving towards digital transformation in the field of education. The study also aims to study the reality of digital transformation in Palestinian schools, and build a vision about its development in the educational system in general. This study may be considered one of the few studies that means by developing a pedagogical approach to digital learning; Which has become a social and educational necessity that cannot be ignored due to the rapid and successive development in the field of digital transformation and digitization, and the educational system’s need for such studies for decision makers and educational policy makers to make decisions based on field studies.

The study adopted the descriptive approach as it is the most appropriate to study this phenomenon, where an individual interview was developed with (12) educational experts, who were asked pivotal questions related to the reality of digital transformation, modern technological challenges in the educational system, and awareness of the importance of digital transformation and its requirements. Based on the results of this study, we stress the importance of adopting digital transformation, and the necessity of developing the components of the educational-learning process in order to keep pace with the successive and rapid developments of technological innovations, they stressed the importance of working on the foundations of the educational process to keep pace with technological developments. The vision of this study was based on developing three main pillars: the pre-service and in-service teacher training, the educational curricula, and the infrastructure. The vision also records a set of proposals and procedures to facilitate incorporating digital transformation into education.

This study aims to shed light on the medical effects of the active substance extracted from the roots of some types of the Palestinian (Rumex) as anti-tumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and diuretic agents. The problem of the study is summarized in the main question, which is “What are the medical effects of the active substance extracted from the roots of some types of the Palestinian (Rumex)?  The importance of the study appears to be that it sheds light on the sorrel plant and its uses in traditional and folk medicine, as well as the nature of the active substance obtained from the roots of some of its species and presenting some studies related to the medical effects of this extract as anti-tumor, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory and diuretic.

The study is divided into two sections: 

The first section: Definition of the sorrel plant and its uses in Palestinian traditional and folk medicine, and the method of obtaining the extract from the roots of some types of the Palestinian sorrel plant and its composition.   

The second section: The medical effects of the active ingredient extracted from the roots of some types of Palestinian sorrel plant.

The study concluded with a set of results and recommendations, perhaps the most important of which are the following:

Studies and scientific research issued by competent authorities indicate that the extract obtained from some types of the Palestinian sorrel plant consists of a group of active substances, which are primarily derivatives of polyphenols (leukoanthocyanidins and catechins) from the roots of   Rumex dentatus , Rumex pulcher and some studies have been conducted on these substances, both in vitro and in vivo. They have a range of medicinal effects as antitumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and diuretic agents.

Among the most important recommendations: this extract can be used to treat a group of diseases that affect humans, but scientific research centers must increase research to ensure the safety of its use and must undergo more clinical research.

The results of this study showed that rosemary powder contains 6.92% moisture, 6.03% total ash, 5.15% crude protein, 1.493% crude fat, 80.40% total carbohydrates, 0.210% acidity, pH 6.11. The results of this study also showed that cinnamon powder contains 7.3% moisture, 2.52% total ash, 3.21% crude protein, 0.597% crude fat, 82.94% total carbohydrates, 0.117%, pH 5.59. The results of this study also showed that basil plant powder contains 6.25% moisture, 3.42%,  total ash, 8.10% crude protein, 0.133% crude fat, 82.10% total carbohydrates, 0.128%, pH was 4.61. It was also shown from the results that galangal powder contains 9.84% moisture, 2.43% total ash, 6.00% crude protein. 0.783% crude fat, 80.94% total carbohydrates, 0.128% acidity, 5.06pH.

It turned out that rosemary powder contains sodium at a concentration of 38.93 mg/g, potassium at a concentration of 74.33 mg/g, calcium at 8.43 mg/g, magnesium at 43.17 mg/g, lead at 0.065 mg/g, and cadmium at 0.03 mg/g. The copper element is 0.03 mg/g, while the cinnamon plant contains sodium at a concentration of 28.20 mg/g, potassium 38.12 mg/g, calcium 56.57 mg/g, magnesium 4.50 mg/g, lead 0.06 mg/g, and cadmium. 0.02 mg/g, and the copper element at a concentration of 0.0267 mg/g, while in the basil plant it turned out that the sodium element was at a concentration of 22.40 mg/g, the potassium element was 55.63 mg/g, the calcium element was 32.33 mg/g, the magnesium element was 86.63 mg/g, and the Lead 0.0267 mg/g, cadmium 0.05 mg/g, and copper 0.02 mg/g. The results of the galangal plant showed that the concentration of sodium was 42.40 mg/g, potassium was 57.03 mg/g, calcium was 23.93 mg/g, and Magnesium was 29.00 mg/g, lead was 0.0767 mg/g, cadmium was 0.0233 mg/g, and copper was 0.03 mg/g.

The research aimed to understand the reality of strategic management and the level of achievement of sustainable development goals in the Ministry of Education in the Republic of Yemen, and the relationship between them. It also sought to determine if there were statistically significant differences in the estimates of the sample individuals regarding the reality of strategic management and the level of achievement of sustainable development goals, according to demographic variables. To achieve this, the researchers used a descriptive quantitative approach, including analytical and correlational methods, and a closed-ended questionnaire as a research tool. The research population consisted of (2502) individuals, distributed between middle and executive leaderships. The research sample was selected using a stratified random sampling method, with a percentage of 14%, amounting to (335) individuals, from the original research population. The researchers concluded that the reality of strategic management was rated as “low”, while the level of achievement of sustainable development goals was rated as “medium” by the individuals in the research sample. There was a positive and statistically significant correlation at the 0.05 level between the reality of strategic management and its various domains and the level of achievement of sustainable development goals. No statistically significant differences were found based on the variables of gender, educational qualification, age, specialization, and job level. The researchers recommends that the Ministry of Education encourage all administrators to take the initiative and seek opportunities in their external environment to enhance their capabilities and job performance within the ministry. The ministry should also establish a clear system to ensure justice for all levels within the ministry and provide the necessary budgets to implement strategies.

International responsibility is considered an integral part of any legal system. Indeed, the effectiveness of these legal systems depends on the maturity of the rules of responsibility in it. It is a tool for the development of international law, with the guarantees it guarantees against violating legal obligations. When a state or any person of international law commits an act that violates international obligations. It then becomes obligated to repair the damage resulting from those actions.

In order for international responsibility to exist, its elements must be present, which are the error on the part of the international person, the damage that his activity causes to other countries, in addition to the causal relationship between the illegal behavior and the damage that resulted from his behavior, that is, the establishment of a direct relationship between the error and the damage, and therefore there is no responsibility without a causal relationship and this element. The latter may exist without the existence of a fault, i.e. a causal relationship separate from the fault but connected to the damage.

One of the most important problems facing the world today is electronic waste, which is considered one of the most important negative manifestations of technological and industrial progress due to the toxic and dangerous materials it secretes, not to mention the fact that this problem is not limited by place, time, or person. Therefore, the international community sensed the danger of this phenomenon and joined efforts to confront it, and agreements and conferences were held at the international and regional levels.

Since it has become necessary to confront it, the rules of international liability, which are the basis of the international legal system, have developed to keep pace with this development and confront its problems so that the person who caused these damages does not remain immune from responsibility on the pretext that the act he committed may be legitimate and does not violate the rules of international law. If international liability is proven, whatever its basis, the official has a duty to compensate as a consequence of its establishment.

 The research aimed to build a training program to develop historical and geographical thinking skills according to the VARK model among social studies teachers in the Republic of Yemen, using the descriptive survey approach, and the study tools were represented in two questionnaires, the first for historical thinking skills and the second for geographical thinking skills, to determine the training needs of the study sample of (71) teachers, and then build the proposed training program based on them. The research found that the study sample agreed on all training needs to a large degree, and built a program Develops the historical and geographical thinking skills of social studies teachers in the basic stage.

The study aimed to identify the level of self-employment culture among graduates in the southern governorates, and to propose a perception to develop the level of self-employment among these graduates, and to achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher followed the qualitative approach, and used the interview as a major tool to collect information, One of the most important conclusions of the study was that self-employment among graduates in the southern governorates needs more attention and reinforcement in terms of trends, knowledge and values, as the respondents showed an unencouraging level when interviewed, and that university graduates lack more interest in promoting self-employment among their students, which was evident in the impressions of their graduates. In light of these conclusions, a vision was proposed to promote self-employment among university graduates in the southern governorates, which included three axes: (trends, knowledge, and skills), and one of its most prominent proposals was: Holding seminars and educational courses to consolidate the legitimacy of electronic work from a religious and legal perspective, and providing graduates with research skills that enable them to follow up on the needs of the self-employment market Holding training courses to educate graduates about the basics of the process of purchasing and paying from bank cards.

 The research focuses on highlighting the ideology of discourse in the novel Qina’ bilwan Alsma’ “A Mask in the Color of Sky” by writer Basem Khandakji. The researcher

sees the ideology in the novel as stemming from the idea of confronting the Israeli colonial Other, responding to it with a counter-narrative that refutes its falsifications of reality. This ideology is driven by its manipulation of history to serve its colonial interests and racist tendencies.

     The researcher initially discusses the discourse ideology in the novel broadly before delving into its textual thresholds, examining its discourse ideology within the narrative context. He argues that the novel presents an important method in activist work: confronting misleading historical narratives propagated by the occupier to justify its claim to Palestine. Thus, the researcher analyzes the portrayal of the Other through a series of historical and realistic facts related to Mary Magdalene’s biography, the 1948 catastrophe, and the refugee camp, alongside revealing the true face of the colonial.