This research examines the phenomenon of “plebs of fewness” in the Holy Quran, focusing on Surat Al-Baqarah as an applied model. The research aims to explore the weights of plurals of fewness and their linguistic, morphological, and rhetorical connotations, enhancing understanding of the miraculous nature of the Quran.

The research consists of an introduction, a preface, and four main chapters, each of which addresses several topics. The first chapter introduces and defines Surat Al-Baqarah, including its name, merits, number of verses, reasons for its revelation, and timing. The second chapter presents the concept of the plural in the Arabic language and its divisions, focusing on plurals of fewness and their weights. The third chapter is devoted to plurals of fewness in Arabic texts and Sibawayh’s view of plurals. The fourth chapter analyzes the verses in Surat Al-Baqarah that contain plurals of fewness, clarifying their contextual and rhetorical connotations. The research adopted a descriptive and analytical approach, examining Quranic verses and analyzing them linguistically and rhetorically. It concluded that the plurals of paucity in Surat Al-Baqarah demonstrate the flexibility and precision of the Arabic language in expression, highlighting aspects of linguistic miraculousness through the rhetorical use of these plurals. At the end of the research, the most important findings and recommendations were presented.

This study aims to evaluate the performance of some durum wheat varieties (local and introduced) under the influence of three different planting dates under the environmental conditions of the northwestern region of Syria, an area characterized by complex environmental conditions and increasing climatic challenges. The field experiment was conducted during the agricultural season 2023-2024 in the Armanaz district of Idlib Governorate, where the study included three planting dates: early (November 20 – 2023), medium early (December 20 – 2023), and late (January 20 – 2024). Nine wheat varieties were planted, including five local varieties (Douma 1, Buhouth 9, Sham 7, Sham 11, Buhouth 11) and four introduced (Turkish) varieties that had not been tested previously in the region (Ilkhan, Burgos, Shulen 2002, Edessa).

The study included the following traits: number of days to spike, number of days to maturity, plant height, and spike length. The results showed that planting dates had a significant effect on the studied traits, as late planting dates outperformed the traits of number of days to maturity and number of days to maturity, while early and mid-early planting dates outperformed early and mid-early planting dates in spike length and plant height. The study also showed significant differences between varieties for the studied traits.

Artificial intelligence technologies have witnessed remarkable advancements in natural language processing, making them a fundamental tool for improving writing quality. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of the ChatGPT application in correcting spelling and grammatical errors in the Arabic language, evaluating its accuracy compared to human proofreading. The descriptive analytical method was adopted, where the application was tested in proofreading texts from the book “Kalila wa Dimna” after deliberately inserting errors, in addition to testing its performance in correcting texts written in different Arabic dialects such as Syrian, Egyptian, and Gulf dialects, to assess its ability to handle linguistic diversity in Arabic. The results revealed that ChatGPT demonstrates high accuracy in correcting common spelling mistakes, such as fixing diacritical marks and punctuation errors. However, it struggles with handling grammatical errors that require contextual understanding, as it was not always able to analyze sentences correctly and ensure grammatical coherence in some cases. Moreover, the application showed weak performance in processing Arabic dialects, as it failed to interpret some colloquial terms or transform them into proper standard Arabic. Furthermore, experiments indicated that the application sometimes changes words while correcting, which may alter the original meaning of the text. When compared to human proofreading, ChatGPT excelled in speed but did not achieve the same level of accuracy, particularly in addressing complex grammatical rules. Based on these findings, the study recommends enhancing ChatGPT’s algorithms to improve its ability to understand linguistic context and analyze complex grammatical structures in Arabic. Additionally, improving the application’s ability to process different dialects would enable more precise rewording of colloquial texts into standard Arabic. The study also advises using ChatGPT as a supportive tool for proofreading rather than a complete replacement for human proofreading, ensuring the production of accurate and error-free texts. Furthermore, developing natural language processing (NLP) technologies for Arabic should be prioritized to allow for deeper text and sentence analysis based on precise grammatical rules. The study concludes that ChatGPT can be a useful tool for spelling and grammar checking, but it still requires substantial improvements to reach the necessary level of accuracy, making it a complementary tool rather than a full substitute for human proofreading. 

This study examines the issue of semantics and its relationship to grammar and morphology, especially among lexicographers, scholars of the principles of jurisprudence, and modernists. The consideration of semantics was not limited to linguists, but other scholars and thinkers shared in their perception of it. The relationship of semantics to grammar lies in the grammatical function of each word within the sentence, i.e. the form in which the linguistic structure comes gives a new meaning in addition to the morphological and lexical meaning. There is a direct relationship between the morphological structure of the word and the statement of the meaning that its formula conveys. The researcher adopted the descriptive and analytical approach in studying semantics and its relationship to grammar and morphology. The nature of this research required that it be in a year of discussions preceded by an introduction, followed by a conclusion and indexes. The researcher presented through it the opinions and statements of scholars, grammarians, and commentators.

This study aimed to reveal the indications of the validity and reliability of Demper’s optimism and pessimism scale on a sample of eleventh grade students within the Green Line (48). It also aimed to develop a standardized scale to measure optimism and pessimism. To achieve this goal, the study used the descriptive analytical approach and the optimism and pessimism scale, with a random stratified sample of (43) male and female students. After analyzing the answers, it became clear that the optimism and pessimism scale had a high degree of reliability, and that the majority of the values ​​of the correlation matrix of the study tool paragraphs with the total score of the tool were statistically significant. Based on these results, the following statements were deleted: 1, 3, 23, 25, 30, 35, and 56. The remaining statements were distributed into three areas: the first area included paragraphs related to measuring optimism, the second included paragraphs related to measuring pessimism, and the third included paragraphs related to the factors affecting optimism and pessimism. The scale scores were changed to become, according to the five-point Likert scale: strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, and strongly disagree, where the number of paragraphs of the scale in its final form was (49) statements after it was (56). Then several points were recommended, including informing students that pressures and problems are normal things that any individual is exposed to, and can be dealt with from a positive perspective, and conducting studies related to the ability of the optimism and pessimism scale to identify the student’s social, psychological, and educational needs, and revealing the impact of external factors on them.

This study aims to contribute to the quantitative assessment of water erosion in the Suwayah and Marj At-Tawil watersheds, located in the northwestern part of the Moulouya Basin, by classifying them according to erosion and degradation levels. It also seeks to determine the role of land uses in the variation of soil loss between the two watersheds, to assist land planning authorities in making appropriate decisions for combating water erosion and rehabilitating affected environments. The study relies on a quantitative evaluation of water erosion using the modified RUSLE (Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation) and employs Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing technologies, and repeated field visits were conducted to the studied area were carried out to determine the nature of the lost materials. The recorded rate of soil loss in the studied area shows a significant variation between the two watersheds. It reaches 20 tons/hectare/year in Suwayah and 26.6 tons/hectare/year in Marj At-Tawil, with substantial variation within the same watershed, depending on the factors responsible for soil loss, especially vegetation cover and land use practices.

 In this study, we aim to highlight the significance of Bayt al-Maqdis (Jerusalem) through the lens of the signs of the Hour (end times). We explore the pivotal aspects of these signs, in which Bayt al-Maqdis serves as the central spatial focus. The signs of the Hour related to the greatest pillar of faith—the belief in the Day of Judgment—are intrinsically tied to the land of Bayt al-Maqdis. By analyzing these signs, we uncover the most profound hidden indications and divine meanings that underscore the significance of Bayt al-Maqdis, owing to its sacred status in the Islamic faith. This is particularly critical in the current era, where Bayt al-Maqdis faces a Zionist Judaization campaign amid Arab and Islamic silence. Thus, this study seeks to draw Muslims’ attention to the reality of this sacred site within their faith, collective consciousness, and the teachings of their Prophet (peace be upon him(.

This study aimed to explore how taxes are deducted from electronic contracts by examining the fundamental relationship between tax deductions and electronic contracts. It seeks to identify the most appropriate methods and tools to enhance tax performance. The study holds scientific significance due to its rarity among research focusing on digital transformation in Libya. Furthermore, it plays an important role in addressing the tax gap associated with electronic businesses. The study adopts an inductive approach and relies on previous studies as a tool for data collection to achieve its results.

The Holy Qur’an is the book revealed by God Almighty to his Prophet Muhammad, may God bless him and grant him peace, guidance and mercy to the worlds, it includes meanings and eloquence that are not surrounded by minds and are not aware of understandings, and one of the most prominent manifestations of its miracle is the diversity of words, and their use in miraculous ways that affect the listener, and open wide horizons for him to understand the meanings of the Holy Qur’an, which contributes to achieving the ultimate goal of downloading: The call to reflection and reflection, this linguistic phenomenon emerges in the Holy Qur’an through a slight difference in pronunciation, or repetition of the meaning in the same style with a slight difference in wording, which leads to enriching the meaning and expanding the circle of understanding, and one of the most prominent linguistic phenomena in the Holy Qur’an is those related to the meanings of close synonymy, Which refers to those cases in which the meaning converges between several words or phrases of the Qur’an, despite the presence of some slight differences in expression, and the synonymy has won the attention of many ancient and modern linguists, by collecting synonymous words in a variety of topics, and they singled out some of them in special works, while others allocated parts of their works to many words that they followed as synonyms, and we have seen that they did not agree on a clear definition of synonymy, which raised among them the dispute in its occurrence between proven and denied, According to the different approaches that each of them followed.

In this study، we attempt to highlight the significance of the status of Bayt al-Maqdis (Jerusalem) through the miracle of the Isra and Mi’raj (Night Journey and Ascension)، addressing the key aspects of this miracle in which Bayt al-Maqdis was the central focus. The journey began to it (Isra)، the ascension began from it (Mi’raj)، and it was there that the Prophet Muhammad’s (peace be upon him) prayer manifested with the Prophets and Messengers، as he led them. We derive from this the most important hidden indications and divine meanings that emphasize Bayt al-Maqdis، given the immense status this sacred site holds in Muslim belief—especially in this era، where Bayt al-Maqdis faces a Zionist Judaization assault amid Arab and Islamic silence. This study seeks to draw Muslims’ attention to the reality of this sacred site in their faith، consciousness، and the biography of their Prophet (peace be upon him).

The aim of this research is to identify the level of mental agility and the level of self-regulation among students of the Faculty of Education at Sana’a University according to the specialization variable (scientific – literary) and to explore the relationship between mental agility and self-regulation. The descriptive correlational method was followed, and the sample consisted of 124 students from the fourth level of all scientific and literary departments registered in the Faculty of Education in the second semester of the academic year 2023-2024. They were selected randomly. To achieve the research objectives, a mental agility scale consisting of 22 items and a self-regulation scale consisting of 45 items were prepared. The results showed that the level of mental agility among the research sample was generally middle, and that the level of self-regulation was also generally middle. There were statistically significant differences in the level of mental agility among the sample members due to the specialization variable (scientific – literary) in favor of the scientific specialization. There were also statistically significant differences in the level of self-regulation among the sample members due to the specialization variable (scientific – literary) in favor of the scientific specialization. The results also showed a positive and statistically significant correlation between the average scores of the sample members on the mental agility scale and the self-regulation scale. Based on these results, the researcher recommended the importance of focusing on mental agility and self-regulation and developing them among students during their university studies.

The study aimed to assess the level of psychological adjustment among female teachers in conflict-affected areas of Idlib Governorate, employing a descriptive analytical methodology that allows for the description and analysis of social phenomena. Data were collected from a random sample of 150 female teachers selected from a population of 14,000 teachers in the Idlib Education Directorate, focusing on variables such as employment status, educational qualification, and years of experience.

The study utilized a psychological adjustment scale designed based on a review of the literature and previous studies, consisting of 28 items distributed across four dimensions. Statistical analysis revealed that the level of psychological adjustment among the teachers was high, with statistically significant differences in the mean scores of the teachers on the psychological adjustment scale based on employment status, favoring those with permanent contracts.

Additionally, the results indicated that teachers with higher academic qualifications (graduate studies) demonstrated better psychological adjustment, and those with longer experience (10 years or more) also exhibited higher levels of psychological adjustment. This highlights the importance of continuous education and experience in enhancing mental health.

Based on the findings, the study recommended the need to improve working conditions for teachers, provide psychological support programs, and enhance job stability. It also called for encouraging continuous education and supporting less experienced teachers, contributing to the improvement of educational quality in affected areas.

The study aimed to analyze the level of psychological support among workers in humanitarian organizations in Idlib Province, Syrian Arab Republic. The researcher employed a descriptive analytical approach, collecting data from a random sample of 165 workers, representing 11% of the total study population of 1,500 individuals. Data collection tools included questionnaires and observations.

The results indicated that the level of psychological support among workers was high, with a notable emphasis on work resources, while emotional support ranked last. Statistical differences were found in the level of psychological support based on gender, favoring females, as well as among those with more professional experience (over 10 years). Conversely, the results showed significant differences in levels of psychological burnout in favor of males and those with less experience (less than 5 years).

The recommendations included enhancing psychological support programs, particularly in the area of work resources, and organizing counseling sessions to bolster emotional support. The study also suggested allocating training programs for women, monitoring the levels of psychological support provided, and organizing workshops on stress management.

This study examined the importance of feasibility studies in driving the success of economic institutions in Amman, Jordan, using a descriptive-analytical approach. The research sample consisted of 385 randomly selected owners of economic institutions in the city. A validated and reliable questionnaire was utilized for data collection, and SPSS was employed for analysis.

Findings demonstrated that feasibility studies have a statistically significant impact on the success of economic institutions. Key aspects such as preliminary analysis, market analysis, financial analysis, and technical analysis were highlighted as crucial contributors. The study recommended forming specialized teams to conduct detailed preliminary analyses to establish a clear strategic vision. It also stressed the importance of implementing ongoing market analysis systems to monitor customer trends and adapt to emerging opportunities effectively.

The study aimed to analyze the degree of application of governance standards in non-profit organizations in northern Syria from the perspective of their employees. The researcher employed a descriptive analytical approach, defined as a set of research procedures to describe the phenomenon related to the application of governance standards by collecting, classifying, and analyzing facts and data.

The study population consisted of all employees in non-profit organizations in northern Syria, totaling (1,500) employees. A random sample of (65) employees was selected, representing (4.3%) of the study population. A questionnaire was used as the main tool for data collection, and the results were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS).

The results showed that the degree of application of governance standards, from the employees’ perspective, was high, with the dimension of effectiveness and efficiency ranking first with a mean of (3.66), while the dimension of the rule of law ranked last with a mean of (3.49). The results also revealed statistically significant differences in the application of governance standards based on educational qualifications and years of experience, with differences favoring those with advanced degrees and employees with ten years or more of experience.

Based on the results, the study recommended intensifying efforts to enhance transparency and disclosure, providing training programs to improve the understanding of governance standards, encouraging investments and diversifying income sources, accurately applying the rule of law, expanding the participation of stakeholders in strategic decision-making, ensuring equitable treatment of all employees, and conducting periodic reviews of the application of governance standards.

The science of Gharib al-Hadith is one of the important sciences among the scholars, because it has a great role in explaining words whose meaning may be hidden to some and whose understanding may be difficult, so they took care of it and devoted compilations to it, both ancient and modern, and because Imam Ishaq ibn Rahwayh had a role in explaining Gharib al-Hadith and clarifying its meaning in his Musnad. Imam Ishaq ibn Rahawiyah’s interest in narrations and chains did not distract him from taking care of the content and explaining its strange words wherever they were found, and the explanation of the strange hadith by Imam Ishaq ibn Rahawiyah was not intended for its own sake but for a need he saw and appreciated. Imam Ishaq ibn Rahawiyah had a methodology for this, sometimes he came up with the explanation of the strange hadith on his own, and sometimes he quoted it from other Imams, and this was in thirteen places of his Musnad, and Imam Ishaq ibn Rahawiyah agreed with other Imams in what the Imam mentioned about the explanation of the strange hadith, and this research was based on the methodology This research was based on the inductive and analytical method of analysing the places that came in the Musnad of Imam Ishaq ibn Rahawiyah, tracing his words on the strange word, and comparing them with the statements of other Imams to know the extent of agreement or disagreement in this regard, the research came in two main research topics: Identifying the places where he explained the strange hadith in his Musnad.

This research paper discusses the comparison between the differences and similarities between Fard and Wajib. The aim of the research is to find solutions to the theoretical problems arising from the differences in the usage of these legal terms. This issue is particularly important because understanding the differences and similarities between Fard and Wajib impacts the legal rulings. The results of the research show that the difference between Hanafi scholars and the majority scholars regarding the distinction between Fard and Wajib is a matter of terminology. According to the majority scholars, there is no difference between the two terms, while Hanafi scholars use the term “Fard” for rulings that are proven by an unequivocal (Qat’i) evidence, and “Wajib” for rulings that are proven by a probable (Zanni) evidence. This research utilizes the textual and analytical methodology.

Biographical dictionaries or Kutub al–Ṭabakāt are considered among the most reliable sources for the medieval history of Islamic civilization, since they involve diverse information about religious, intellectual and cultural life prevailing medieval Islamic societies. Furthermore, these works involve considerable historical information concerning economic life, financial resources and the taxation system in medieval Islamic states.

 This article attempts to examine some of the features of the tax system in Ifriqiya, in the period from the Islamic conquest of the region until the end of the Fatimid Era. Biographical dictionaries encompass a plethora of references and information related to the taxation policy, such as the types of taxes, the methods of fiscal collection, the extent to which they affect taxpayers, as well as the measures and the violations that characterized the overall tax system.

 Besides, these sources contain a series of recorded opinions and attitudes of some religious scholars and Maliki theologians about the tax system used in Ifriqiya during that historical era, particularly in terms of legality and tax justice and how the state sticked to the Islamic law (Sharīaʽ) in tax collection. 

 These biographical dictionaries also recorded that some of the Maliki scholars were exposed to pressure and extortion through some practices against them related to tax paying in certain historical periods. Such practices were employed in the doctrinal and political conflicts that took place in Ifriqiya at that time especially during the Fatimid era. 

This study synthesized and characterized the transition metal chelates of Mn (II) with Schiff base. Elemental analysis data showed that the isolated chelates are in a 1:1 [M: L] ratio. The molar conductance values revealed that the chelates are non-electrolytes in nature. The results of magnetic moment measurements demonstrated that the chelates of Mn (II) have unpaired electrons. The infrared spectral data displayed the main coordination sites of Salicylaldimine towards Mn (ll) ions. The electronic spectrum results of the Schiff base ligand and its chelates suggest that the Mn (II) has an octahedral structure. This study paper summarizes the synthesis via the traditional method of the Schiff base and its metal complex. The antibacterial function of the Schiff base’s metal complex has also been discussed. Using H1 NMR and elemental analysis, the compound’s structure was reported. The obtained Schiff bases have been evaluated against bacteria such as E. coli and S. aureus.

This study aims to explore the role of historical television drama in shaping the cognitive awareness of individuals in Saudi society and analyze the impact of these works on their knowledge of historical events and figures. The study adopted a quantitative survey methodology using questionnaires applied to a random sample from Saudi society, ranging in age from 18 to 60 years. The results showed that historical drama is of great interest to various segments of Saudi society, with 71% of participants regularly following these works, and 62% of the respondents being female. The study also revealed that the age group most interested in historical drama is between 18 and 30 years, comprising 51% of the sample. Regarding educational level, the results indicated that 70% of the participants have a university-level education, reflecting the interest of the educated population in historical drama. Concerning sources of knowledge, the study showed that 31% of participants consider historical drama a reliable source of historical information, while 39% view it as realistic, indicating a variation in their assessment of realism and credibility. Media preferences revealed that digital platforms were the most commonly used medium (60%) for watching these works. Furthermore, it was found that historical drama contributes to increasing historical awareness among participants, as most of them reported greater engagement with historical issues after viewing. In light of these results, the study recommends developing historical stories in drama, improving realism through precise historical research, and expanding the scope of Saudi drama to be more appealing to viewers. It also calls for conducting comparative studies to analyze production techniques in historical drama. Additionally, the study emphasized the importance of establishing specialized training academies for acting and scriptwriting to enhance the quality and creativity of this type of production.

The study aimed to examine financial analysis and its impact on financial planning and control in commercial banks in Misurata, where the public sector contributes more than 50%. A deductive and analytical approach was used, and a questionnaire was used to collect study data. A total of 90 questionnaires were distributed, and 84 valid questionnaires were returned for analysis, yielding a 93% return rate. The study reached a number of conclusions, including: The commercial banks under study rely on the results of financial analysis when developing financial plans, while there is a lack of coordination between the planning and financial control processes at the banks concerned, and there is no clear mechanism for monitoring the plans developed.

The study aimed to identify the E- Learning in Sudanese University under the war the challenge and opportunity applied study in Eldien university. The researcher used the descriptive analytical approach in conducting the study and collecting information. The study community consisted from student of Eldien university, where the number reached (84) who were selected through a random sample from the total community of (120). The researcher used the questionnaire as a study tool, and the statistical package (SPSS) program was used to process the researcher used one sample t-test, The study reached the following results. There is a statistically significant challenges in using e-learning at Sudanese university. Recommendations: The high education administration should pay attention to the using e-learning, Sudanese university, because this helps in the academic achievement of students.

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 Planning and production of agricultural programs in Sudan Television. The Researchers used descriptive Method. After analyzing the results of the Study. the two main findings were : absence of the drama element and its role in delivering the guidance message with minimal effort. lack of clear Information policies towards agricultural development in Sudan represented by Sudanese television. there is no hosting of those responsible for Agricultural development problems in Sudan through these programs , such as Ministry of Electricity , Energy , investment Agricultural and irrigation. most of the problems raised in these programs have not been solved through the programs , which is confirmed by the fact that these problems are constantly presented in seminars and all Agricultural Extension programs. there is an online audience especially on you tube and face book , but the service has not been used in a scientific way. the lack of cameras as good as the image , and the lack of flying cameras such as the drone cameras , except for sanabel software. lack of interest in element of attraction such as caricature and the absence of this element in the since not all programs covered the caricature element.

The study dealt with the impact of applying the target costing approach on improving sustainable competitive advantage – ananalytical study of the opinions of a sample of workers in Sudanese industrial establishments. The study aimed to identify and analyze the impact of applying the target costing approach on improving sustainable competitive advantage in its dimensions (cost reduction, quality achievement, and customer responsiveness) from the perspective of a sample of workers in Sudanese industrial establishments. The study relied on a descriptive-analytical approach and a quantitative approach. A questionnaire was then used to collect primary data from a stratified random sample of (113) workers in Sudanese industrial establishments on the impact of applying the target costing approach on improving sustainable competitive advantage in its dimensions (cost reduction, quality achievement, and customer responsiveness). The study results showed that applying the target costing approach helps achieve quality products and services in industrial establishments in Sudan, enhancing their reputation and competitive advantage. The study recommended that Sudanese industrial establishments provide the necessary training and qualifications for employees at all levels to understand and apply the principles and tools of the target costing approach efficiently and effectively.

The science of hadith narrator evaluation (al-jarḥ wa al-taʿdīl) employed a sophisticated terminological system where scholars articulated their assessments through distinct lexical patterns. Analysis demonstrates that these critical judgments manifested as singular terms (e.g., thiqa, ṣadūq), reduplicated forms (e.g., thiqa thiqa), or composite expressions combining multiple qualifications (e.g., thiqa thabt, ḍaʿīf matrūk al-ḥadīth). While most composite terms conveyed consistent evaluations, Ibn Abī Ḥātim’s seminal work al-Jarḥ wa al-Taʿdīl presents numerous problematic cases where contradictory grades intersect within single formulations—either combining praise and criticism (e.g., ṣāliḥ ṣadūq thiqa ḍaʿīf jiddan) or merging distinct reliability tiers (e.g., thiqa ṣadūq, thiqa ṣāliḥ al-ḥadīth). This study conducts a systematic examination of such ambiguous constructs through comparative analysis of classical scholars’ interpretive methodologies, aiming to elucidate their precise technical meanings, establish principles for resolving apparent contradictions, and formulate a coherent framework for understanding complex grading syntheses in narrator criticism. The research contributes to both the theoretical understanding of hadith verification.