This research examines the economic aspect of the Ayyubid state, focusing on the role of Saladin (Salah ad-Din) in establishing a robust economy that contributed to military victories against the Crusades. Using a historical-descriptive methodology, the study analyzes economic activities such as domestic and foreign trade, agriculture, industry, and financial management. The findings reveal that the Ayyubid economy flourished through organized trade routes, specialized markets, agricultural and industrial advancements, and efficient financial systems relying on diverse resources like zakat (Islamic tax) and kharaj (land tax). The study emphasizes that Saladin was not merely a military leader but an administrative visionary who invested in infrastructure, education, and healthcare, thereby building a resilient state capable of overcoming external threats.

This study aims to analyze the impact of the prevailing ethical climate in commercial banks in the city of Misurata on auditors’ performance, focusing on the role of compliance level as a mediating factor. The ethical climate is defined as the organizational environment that determines the ethical standards and values practiced, while compliance refers to auditors’ adherence to professional and ethical standards in the banking sector. Auditors’ performance encompasses their competence, accuracy, and the effectiveness of executing assigned tasks. 

The study relied on data collected from a sample of auditors and employees working in banks in Misurata, which were analyzed using statistical tools to evaluate the relationships between variables. The results revealed a statistically significant positive relationship between the ethical climate and auditors’ performance. A strong ethical climate enhances compliance levels, which in turn positively reflects on the quality of performance. 

Among the key recommendations of the study is the need to strengthen the ethical climate in banks by adopting a mandatory code of conduct and ethics for internal control staff. This would help ensure their commitment to the highest professional standards and improve their performance effectiveness. The findings emphasize the importance of the ethical dimension in banking environments as a cornerstone for achieving integrity and professional competence.

Nanotechnology is an unchallenged technology of the near future, which is expected to provide a tremendous opportunity for creativity, diversity, effectiveness and quality in the industrial, agricultural, medical, military, and other fields. Using the available economic resources, as well as working to produce environmentally friendly products.

The results of the study indicate that the use of nanotechnologies to reduce the applications of plant protection products, as well as reduce nutrient losses in fertilization, lead to an increase in yields through improving nutrient management in modern agriculture, that nanoparticles reduce the amount of chemicals dispersed and preserve the environment. Nano innovations for agriculture may affect human health and the environment. Nanotechnology can help precision farming and sustainable agricultural development.

The current study recommends the following:

– Avoid wrong behaviors in dealing with nanomaterial’s, due to the presence of the effects of nanomaterials on the vitality of the human body.

The entire life cycle of these nanoparticles must be evaluated, including their manufacture, storage and distribution, as well as their application, misuse and disposal. Also, the effects on humans and the environment may vary and change during many stages of its life cycle.

This scientific paper aims to conduct an experimental investigation into the characteristics of a centrifugal fan operating at a constant rotational speed. The focus will be on measuring and analyzing the volumetric flow rate of the fan at this fixed speed, while also examining variations in the cross-sectional area of the discharge duct. Furthermore, the paper addresses the relationship between pressure and discharge area, as dictated by the principle of the Bernoulli’s equation addition to the correlation between discharge area and fluid velocity, as described by the continuity equation. Consequently, this study encompasses the key relationships and theories within the field of fluid dynamics. Graphical representations illustrating the fan’s characteristics as a function of its flow rate are presented, and the relationship between torque and the prevailing operating conditions surrounding the fan is also observed. Through this investigation, we seek to gain a deeper understanding of the fan’s performance under various conditions.

The utilized apparatus serves as an experimental platform enabling the study of the fan’s behavior and the measurement of its diverse performance characteristics. This setup allows for the analysis of the impact of fan blade design, pitch angle, and the influence of obstructions in its vicinity on the flow rate, generated pressure, and energy consumption efficiency.

This study was conducted to assess the condition of agricultural lands exposed to Hurricane Daniel, using field data from the Agricultural Expertise Office at the Office of Judicial Expertise and Research in Shahat. The study concluded that the damage was limited to (487) sites belonging to the municipalities of Shahat and Sousse. The greatest damage was to almond trees, especially apple trees, with an estimated deficit of approximately (800,000) kilograms this season. The greatest losses were in the difficulty of replacing arable soil that was eroded by the storm’s floods. As for livestock, the greatest damage was to beekeeping, in terms of the role it plays and the resulting losses.

This study aimed to provide a comprehensive vision of the reality of educational leadership in northwest Jerusalem. This included analyzing the challenges faced by educational leaders and presenting innovative strategies for their development. The study also aimed to contribute to a deeper understanding of the educational situation in the area and the development of educational policies, as well as to determine the extent to which educational leaders are ready to adopt modern technologies in the educational field.

The study adopted a research methodology that combined quantitative and qualitative approaches. A questionnaire consisting of (3) sections and (17) items was distributed to a sample of educational leaders in the northwest of Jerusalem in public schools. Group interviews were also conducted with a group of these leaders, and the collected data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and descriptive statistical methods.

The results of the research showed that the reality of educational leadership in schools in northwest Jerusalem is characterized by traditional and hierarchical organizational structures, and a predominance of a centralized administrative style, with variations in the degree of teacher participation in decision-making. Educational leadership also faces multiple contemporary challenges, including political and security challenges, resource scarcity, students’ social and economic difficulties, the difficulty of providing a safe and stimulating learning environment, and a gap between curricula and the reality of students. Furthermore, the study revealed that current educational leadership strategies are ineffective in addressing these challenges, and are marked by weak cooperation with the local community, and a deficiency in supporting teachers and their professional development. In light of these findings, the study proposed a set of new and innovative strategies for developing educational leadership, with a focus on digital participatory leadership, developing digital leadership capabilities, blended learning, building a culture of innovation, and leveraging technology. It also provided practical recommendations for developing training programs for leaders, enhancing teacher participation, building effective community partnerships, developing technological infrastructure, and developing flexible strategies to address the specific challenges of Jerusalem.

This study aims to conduct an analytical comparison between three major Kushite royal tombs: El-Kurru 17, Nuri 1, and Northern Begrawiya 12, to identify similarities and differences in funerary architectural styles, burial practices, and symbolic meanings. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology based on field surveys, archaeological excavations, and published sources. The findings reveal shared architectural characteristics, such as the use of pyramidal structures and funerary traditions deeply rooted in Kushite religious beliefs, alongside variations in the scale of monuments, tomb chamber designs, and types of associated offerings. These differences reflect religious, political, and social transformations across different periods of the Kingdom of Kush. The study underscores the significance of these tombs in understanding the intellectual and political shifts related to kingship and the afterlife within Kushite civilization.

The study aimed to identify the degree of Level 5 leadership practices among principals of leading private schools in the capital, Amman. The study followed the descriptive survey research method. The study sample consisted of a group of private school principals in the capital, numbering (325) male and female principals, who were selected using a simple random method. At a rate of (50%) of the study population. To achieve the objectives of the study, a questionnaire was constructed representing the areas of leadership from the fifth level, and the validity and reliability of the tool were verified. The results showed that the questionnaire paragraphs came in the high and medium degree, paragraph No. (11) ranked first, which states “teachers are given the freedom to choose administrative positions to achieve creativity” and came with an arithmetic mean of “4.2154” and a standard deviation of “0.65481”. Paragraph No. (1) came in the “last” rank, which states “The school principal is characterized by modesty,” and it came with an arithmetic mean of “3.077” and a standard deviation of “0.79975,” and the value of (sig) is less than the value of (F) calculated at the significance value (0.125) at the level of ((α=0.05, so we accept the null hypothesis that there are no statistically significant differences in the degree of fifth-level leadership practices among principals of leading private schools in the capital, Amman, attributed to (gender, educational qualification, and years of experience). The study recommended that researchers conduct further studies focusing on Level 5 leadership in public and private schools in various governorates, given its importance.

This study aimed to assess the quality of the administrative structure and infrastructure at Brak General Hospital and analyze their alignment with the needs of the medical staff and the working environment. Both elements are considered essential for enhancing the quality of healthcare services. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical methodology, using a questionnaire distributed to a purposive sample of 71 respondents, including administrative employees and medical personnel at the hospital. The questionnaire addressed two main variables: the quality of the administrative structure and the quality of infrastructure, each measured through four sub-dimensions.Findings revealed that the quality of the administrative structure was rated as high (mean = 3.61), while the infrastructure quality also received a relatively high score (mean = 3.52). The results indicated a strong and statistically significant positive correlation between the quality of the administrative system and the infrastructure (r = 0.759, p < 0.01). The study recommends enhancing professional training, updating infrastructure and technology, and adopting Total Quality Management systems in healthcare institutions.

This study aimed to identify the role of artificial intelligence in supporting the decision-making process within media institutions in the Gaza Strip, using the descriptive analytical method. A random sample was selected from communication practitioners in Palestinian media institutions registered with the Journalists Syndicate and the Ministry of Information, totaling 735 individuals in the year 2022–2023. Eighty questionnaires were distributed, and 71 were retrieved, resulting in a response rate of 88.8%.

The findings revealed that the use of artificial intelligence in media institutions was moderate, with a rate of 64.4%, indicating that these institutions rely on AI technologies to enhance performance and efficiency, especially in times of war. The results also showed that the average score for the “decision-making process” was 3.41 with a standard deviation of 0.44, indicating a high level of decision-making within media institutions.

A multiple regression model was employed to test the impact of independent variables (such as training, suitability, and effectiveness) on the decision-making process. The results indicated a statistically significant relationship between these variables and support for decision-making. However, the study found no statistically significant differences between the mean estimates of the research population based on variables such as gender, academic qualification, years of experience, and media institution.

The study indicates that artificial intelligence contributes to improving decision-making within Palestinian media institutions, thereby enhancing performance efficiency during emergency situations.

This study is an attempt to investigate the Islamic values in Ernest Hemingway’s literary works. It took his novella The Old Man and the Sea as an example for this purpose. It attained its importance as it dealt with some qualities that enable people of different religions and thoughts to live together peacefully sharing good qualities. The researcher hypothesized that some Islamic values could be seen in this story. It also intended to deliver a message that Islam is an instinctive religion that can be shared by all people. The study provided some of these values from the story linking them with those of Islam. The researcher adopted the content analysis method for achieving this work. After discussing the results, the study found that the story contained many Islamic values and that these values can be utilized to serve Islam. The study recommended having a deep look into English literature searching for common grounds with non-Muslims as a step to call them to Islam.

The study aimed to examine the relationship between capital adequacy and the profitability of Libyan commercial banks, with a particular emphasis on the role of good governance as a moderating variable in this relationship. The study utilized a questionnaire as the primary tool for data collection, targeting employees in Libyan commercial banks who hold financial responsibilities within their roles. Adopting a descriptive-analytical approach and employing statistical analysis using the SPSS software, the study arrived at several findings. Most notably, it identified a statistically significant impact of capital adequacy on the profitability of Libyan commercial banks. Furthermore, the study demonstrated a statistically significant moderating effect of good governance on the relationship between capital adequacy and bank profitability.

This research provides an analytical description of the roots of the political crisis in Sudan, identifying four key axes: a crisis of leadership, a crisis of legitimacy, a crisis of identity, and a crisis of ethics. It explains in detail the contribution of each crisis to the overall structure of the crisis in Sudan. The study then examines the manifestations of these elements collectively in the form of civil wars, tribal conflicts, and rebellions, conflict of identities, sharp societal divisions, and chronic political instability. The research argues that these societal divisions reached a peak during the Islamist rule (1989-2019), with their influence extending into the transitional period, culminating in a war between the Islamists and the Rapid Support Forces militia (RSF), which was founded by them to protect themselves against opponents and the aggrieved individuals. The research then discusses the requirements for peace building and the obstacles that hinder it, as well as how to reform the structure of political parties to contribute to building a stable political system and consolidating democracy. The study proposes that the international community should support the formation of a technocratic transitional government composed of independent experts, as the parties to the conflict cannot be the ones to craft a solution.

Lexical Semantic Criticism is one of the most significant fields that highlight the evolution of word meanings within a language. It relies on analyzing the lexical meanings of words according to their historical contexts and various usages over time. This type of criticism aims to uncover changes in word meanings, contributing to a deeper understanding of literary and religious texts and enabling more precise interpretations based on linguistic and lexical origins. This approach has formed a solid foundation in ancient linguistic studies, as scholars employed it to interpret texts and analyze words within their historical and cultural contexts, granting the Arabic language a highly analytical capability that surpasses superficial analysis.

This research seeks to compare traditional and modern linguistic criticism, emphasizing the comprehensiveness and precision of the methods employed by early scholars compared to contemporary approaches. The study reveals a weak connection to linguistic heritage in modern research due to limited reference to original sources and the influence of Western critical methodologies, which may not entirely align with the uniqueness and richness of the Arabic language. Based on this, the research calls for the revival of classical linguistic criticism while developing new methodologies that integrate traditional principles with modern analytical tools to ensure a more precise and comprehensive understanding of the Arabic language.

This study explores the issue of a defendant’s confession—considered a form of legal evidence in Islamic law—when obtained through unlawful means, specifically through torture. The aim is to demonstrate the prohibition of such unlawful methods in Islam for extracting confessions and to establish the invalidity and inadmissibility of any confession obtained thereby.

The study addresses the concept of confession (iqrār), clarifying its meaning, its relation to admission, and its significance as a means of proof. It also outlines the general conditions for its validity, its evidentiary value, and the main rulings related to retraction of confessions.

The second chapter focuses on the use of torture to extract confessions, its definition and forms, and the views of Islamic jurists on torturing the accused—whether or not the accusation is supported by circumstantial evidence—as well as the evidentiary value of confessions obtained through such means. The study further examines the perspectives of both classical Islamic jurists and modern legal scholars within positive law.

The study concludes that extracting confessions through unlawful means is prohibited, and that any confession obtained under such conditions is invalid in both Islamic jurisprudence and judicial practice. It recommends the prevention of this inhumane phenomenon and the adoption of all necessary measures to prohibit and limit its use, except in cases of extreme necessity.

Given that artificial intelligence (AI) represents a form of technological progress, and considering AI’s critical importance across various life domains – particularly in the legal field – there arises a need for a new conceptual framework to address the legal personality of AI and tort liability for damages caused by it. This research therefore addresses the central question: To what extent can tort liability for AI-induced damages be applied under Saudi Arabia’s Civil Transactions Law?  

The study employs a descriptive-analytical methodology, examining tort liability for AI-related damages under Saudi civil law through:  

– Definitions and conceptual analyses of AI technology and tort liability;  

– Critical assessment of divergent jurisprudential views;  

– Analysis of statutory provisions governing AI tort liability within the Saudi Civil Transactions Law. 

Ellipsis is one of the prominent linguistic phenomena that distinguishes the Arabic language. Although this phenomenon exists in all languages, Arabic stands out for its application of ellipsis at the phonological, morphological, and syntactic levels. This paper examines ellipsis within Arabic sentence structure and various grammatical constructions. As a rhetorical and eloquent device, ellipsis is a defining feature of Arabic, with its primary function being brevity and conciseness. The native Arabic linguistic intuition tends to avoid verbosity and prefers expressions that are light and fluid. This study also explores the phenomenon of ellipsis in Surat Al-Aʿrāf, highlighting specific instances to demonstrate how ellipsis is employed at the syntactic level within this chapter. This analysis contributes to a deeper understanding of Surat Al-Aʿrāf, one of the longest Meccan chapters of the Qur’an. The chapter is marked by its dialogical structure, focused on engaging with polytheists and persuading various audiences. Given its frequent use of dialogue, the surah relies heavily on conciseness, the clear conveyance of speaker intent, and effective linguistic communication.

This study aimed to measure the effect of the brainstorming strategy on developing creative thinking skills in the Arabic language subject among fourth-grade students. The study population consisted of fourth-grade students in Jarablus city and its countryside for the academic year 2024-2025, totaling 1,150 students according to the Directorate of Education statistics. The study sample included 53 students, with 28 in the experimental group taught using the brainstorming strategy at Tajammu’ Al-Nasr School, and 25 in the control group taught by the traditional method at Selim Menla School. The sample was selected intentionally.

The study used a Creative Thinking Skills Test in the Arabic language, applied pre- and post-intervention to both groups. A pilot study was conducted on a sample of 40 students to verify the validity and reliability of the tool, as well as to measure the test duration and its difficulty and discrimination indices. The study employed the experimental method, applying the brainstorming strategy to the experimental group while the control group received traditional teaching. Differences in creative thinking skills scores were measured before and after the intervention.

Results showed statistically significant differences at the level (α=0.05) between pre- and post-test scores in the control group in favor of the post-test, as well as between pre- and post-test scores in the experimental group favoring the post-test, with the experimental group outperforming the control group in the post-test. This confirmed the significant impact of the brainstorming strategy in developing creative thinking skills among fourth-grade students in the Arabic language subject.

Based on the results, the study recommended including the brainstorming strategy in curricula, especially in the Arabic language subject, and training teachers to use it effectively through specialized workshops. It also suggested integrating brainstorming with other teaching strategies to enhance educational effectiveness, designing a teacher’s guide for applying brainstorming suitable to the characteristics of the elementary stage, and conducting future studies on the effect of brainstorming in developing writing expression skills and assisting students with learning difficulties.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of the cooperative learning strategy on developing critical thinking skills among fourth-grade learners in mathematics during the 2024/2025 academic year. The study sample consisted of 60 learners from Maqasid Model School and Tishreen Primary School in the city of Jarabulus, divided into two groups: 30 learners in the experimental group who were taught using the cooperative learning strategy, and 30 learners in the control group who were taught using the traditional method. The researcher used a critical thinking skills test in mathematics as a tool to measure skills before and after the intervention and adopted the experimental method with two groups.

The results showed statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the two groups in the critical thinking test after applying the strategy, with the experimental group achieving a notable improvement exceeding that of the control group. It was also found that the use of cooperative learning helped learners develop their abilities in analysis, evaluation, and logical inference, enhancing the quality of learning and enabling them to address problems more critically. Additionally, there was an increase in the level of interaction and cooperation among learners in the experimental group, contributing to a stimulating learning environment that supports the development of critical thinking.

Based on these results, the researcher recommended regularly adopting the cooperative learning strategy in teaching mathematics, along with training teachers to apply it effectively in classrooms. The researcher also called for designing curricula that encourage group activities and cooperative work. Finally, future studies were suggested to examine the effect of cooperative learning on developing other skills, such as academic achievement and communication among learners.

This research addresses the legal problem of the extent to which war affects the continuity of commercial and investment lease contracts in Sudan. This is due to the absence of explicit legal texts regulating these cases, which raises problems in judicial application and threatens the stability of economic transactions. The research aims to demonstrate how Sudanese legal texts, in comparison with some Arab legislation, deal with exceptional circumstances such as wars. It also aims to clarify the adequacy of the general theory of emergency circumstances and force majeure in addressing the effects of war on contracts. The importance of this research lies in its timing, as it comes in the context of a civil war that has profoundly impacted commercial and investment activity in the country, posing legal, social, and economic challenges. Based on this, the research is based on two basic hypotheses: First, the general rules of Sudanese civil law are insufficient on their own to address the effects of war on commercial lease contracts. Second, the Sudanese legislator's reliance on judicial precedent without precise legislative grounding leads to inconsistent rulings and a lack of legal security. The comparative analytical approach was adopted, employing a descriptive and inductive approach, to analyze relevant legal texts and review judicial jurisprudence and comparative practices. Among the most prominent findings of the research is that war constitutes an exceptional circumstance that fundamentally affects contractual balance. Sudanese legislation does not provide a specific or sufficient legal framework to address this situation, and the judiciary often deals with it without a consistent methodology. The research recommends the enactment of special legislation regulating the effects of armed conflicts on commercial contracts, the establishment of specialized judicial committees to consider disputes arising from exceptional circumstances, and the activation of traditional litigation alternatives, such as arbitration and mediation, to enhance transaction stability during times of emergency.

This study presents the development of a specialized fatwa tool based on contemporary Tunisian fatwas. The tool leverages large language models (LLMs) and is enhanced with contemporary fatwas issued by a select group of scholars from Ez-Zitouna. 

It was designed using the Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) approach, where the model retrieves relevant information from a specialized database of Tunisian fatwas before generating a response.

We prepared the core of this database, which contains around 150 carefully selected fatwa questions and answers.

To evaluate the system’s performance, tests were conducted on a set of real-world inquiries, analyzing the accuracy and reliability of the answers.

The results showed that the tool significantly reduces scholars’ workload by providing initial responses that require minimal review, thus contributing to the acceleration of the fatwa issuance process. This study highlights the potential of integrating large language models with specialized knowledge bases to automate the fatwa process.

This study aims to evaluate the relationship between hypertension and diabetes with an increased risk of early kidney function impairment, as well as to assess the performance of the albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) as a diagnostic criterion in this patient group. Methods: The study included 108 participants (males and females) aged between 30 and 80 years. Participants were divided into groups based on their health conditions: hypertensive patients, diabetic patients, those with both conditions, and a control group. Mean and standard deviation (mean ± SD) were calculated, along with the predictive ability of the ACR test. Results: The analyses revealed significant differences in several health parameters, with notable increases in blood sugar levels, HbA1C, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the diabetes and hypertension groups compared to the control group, with strong statistical significance (P<0.001). Additionally, a significant increase in the albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) was observed, indicating potential deterioration in kidney function. The study also identified important positive and negative correlations between ACR and factors such as age, body mass index (BMI), and kidney function. The ACR test’s ability to detect kidney impairment was evaluated, demonstrating good predictive capability with a cutoff value of > 27.59, resulting in an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.916, with a sensitivity of 92.31%, specificity of 80%, and accuracy of 85.71%. Conclusion: The ACR test demonstrated excellent performance as a diagnostic tool, highlighting the necessity for its utilization as part of a comprehensive screening strategy.

In this study, the chemical and physical characteristics of ten date varieties in the southwestern region of Libya were studied. The data showed that Asabir variety had the largest total weight (107.36 g), indicating that it contains a lot of water and pulp, while the Adawi variety had the least weight (67.30 g). The weight of the pitted fruits also varied, with the Taqtash variety recording the largest weight (79.61 g), while Adawi variety had the least (55.86 g). As for the kernel weight, the Maqmaq (21.82 g) and Taghayat (21.53 g) varieties had the highest values, while Talis variety recorded the lowest weight (8.20 g). Regarding dimensions, Talis variety was the longest (4.15 cm), while Adawi was the shortest (2.53 cm). Fruit widths also varied between the Khadrai (0.93 cm) and Asabir (1.56 cm). Chemically, the moisture content ranged from Talis (8.36%) to Maqmaq (10.31%), while the ash content was between Khadrai (1.90%) and Talis (3.00%). Tagtsha variety recorded the lowest fat content (1.70%), while Aqdwal recorded the highest (2.19%). Regarding protein, the highest content was in Deglet (4.13%) and the lowest in Talis (2.85%). The highest fibre content was in taqtasha (3.13%) and the lowest in khudri (2.34%).

The study addresses the issue of the border dispute in the Aouzou Strip and its material and moral consequences for both conflicting states, while highlighting the active parties involved. The research focuses on Libya’s strategies and plans to exert dominance and control over a part of Chadian territory. The primary objective of the research is to explore the political and administrative conditions in Chad after independence, which led to both internal and external armed conflicts.

The study employs the historical method to trace events in pursuit of historical truth. It examines the historical relationship between the two countries, marked by migrations, interactions, and trade between North Africa and the Chad Basin through the Sahara Desert during the era of kingdoms and sultanates that preceded the formation of the Chadian state. These included Kanem, Bagirmi, and Wadai. The inhabitants of these regions were historically linked to southern Libya, resulting in the settlement of some Chadian tribes, such as the Tebu and certain Arab tribes, in southern Libya, where they became citizens. Similarly, some Libyan tribes, including the Awlad Suleiman and Warfalla, migrated to northern Chad.

During this period, relations between the two countries were characterized by good neighborliness, especially during the reign of King Idris Al-Senussi. However, relations began to deteriorate after President Muammar Gaddafi overthrew King Idris in a military coup in 1969, driven by Gaddafi’s expansionist ambitions in Africa, particularly Chad. The study examines the escalation of tensions during the presidency of François Tombalbaye in Chad and Libya’s occupation of the Aouzou Strip, which is rich in mineral resources, particularly uranium—a key component in Gaddafi’s nuclear ambitions.

The role of former Chadian President Hissène Habré in liberating Chadian territories is also highlighted. The research discusses efforts by the Organization of African Unity to resolve the conflict peacefully, though it ultimately failed. However, these efforts paved the way for the case to be brought before the International Court of Justice (ICJ), which successfully resolved the Aouzou issue peacefully in favor of Chad. Under United Nations supervision, Libyan forces withdrew from the strip in 1995, officially making the Aouzou Strip an integral part of Chadian territory.

This research explores the theoretical foundations of therapeutic nutrition and its role in accelerating recovery from sports injuries. The study addresses the current knowledge gap in understanding the relationship between biological healing processes and optimal nutritional strategies. we study the principles of therapeutic nutrition and its distinction from traditional sports nutrition, the mechanisms and biological stages of recovery from sports injuries, the role of macronutrients (protein, carbohydrates, fats) in recovery, and  the importance of micronutrients (vitamins, minerals, antioxidants) in healing processes.

The findings highlight that therapeutic nutrition requires a specialized approach, focusing on nutrient timing, quality, and synergistic interactions to achieve optimal outcomes. The study also emphasizes the need for individualized nutrition plans tailored to the type of injury and recovery stage. This research provides a comprehensive theoretical framework that can serve as a reference for researchers and practitioners in the fields of sports medicine and therapeutic nutrition.