This study addresses the impact of psychological depression on criminal in Sudanese legislation and judiciary the problem the study was that is legislative deficiency regarding clarifying the impact of psychological depression on criminal liability.the criminal Cod of 1991 and its complementary laws were devoid of a statement of this and the emergence of many crimes committed under the influence of psychological depression the importance of the study stems from the importance of criminal liability as the backbone of conviction or acguittal the study aimed to clarify the extent to which the accused is criminally accountable or not conviction or acguittal the study aimed to clarify the extent to which the accused is criminally accountable or not when committing a crime under the influence of severe psychological depression in light of the provisions of the criminal Cod and applications of courts in Sudan the study followed the analytical and descriptive approaches, the study reached a number of results the most important of which are :the meaning of severe depression and psychological illnesses are terms that are not included in the knowledge of the judge they are technical terms that the judiciary resorts of clarifying by guestioning specialized psyciatrists ,as they are people of experience the degree of influence as a psychological illness on criminal liability varies according to the type to depression and its severity ,the study recommended several recommendations, the most important of which are, the plea of severe depression most be gustified and acceptable before the courts to mitigate criminal liability, because it also causes loss or impairment of awareness and choice when considering the defendants plea if severe depression, the court must seek the assistance of experts whenever possible.it is sufficient after that to determine whether awareness and choice exist or not based no the existing evidence ,as it is not nwcessary to reach the level of certainty in this regard.

The present study aims to examine the values ​​contained in the book “We Study Arabic”, which is prepared for Jewish students in middle school. The research adopts the descriptive and analytical approach through the use of a tool for content analysis, for a sample consisting of the book series “We Study Arabic”. The results of the study showed that the books contain 35 values ​​classified into eight value groups. The books focus on social values, so that they appeared a lot in the book. The results of the study also showed that the respect value is the most prominent and common value in the series of “Teaching Arabic” in its three parts, while the giving value is the lowest. The researcher recommends that the Ministry of Education distribute the values equally.

Reading in English is an essential skill that paves the way for another one; writing. The more English language learners are able to read, the more they acquire good techniques for writing and vice versa. Moreover, it is more inevitable for non-native learners to work hard in this regard in order to master these two skills. This study is an attempt to help in this field. It aimed at investigating the impact of Tajweed on Sudanese university English students’ reading skill as a hypothesis claimed by the researcher. Tajweed is the study of the rules governing method of reading the Holy Qur’an. The targeted students studied the Holy Qur’an as a university required subject for four years. A questionnaire was designed as a tool filled by the sample of the study which was the fourth-year English language students at the School of Languages, University of the Holy Qur’an and Islamic Sciences, Omdurman, Sudan in the academic year 2022-2023. According to their study in these four years, the students filled the questionnaire and the researcher analyzed it using some computer programmes to verify the hypothesis. It was found that practising reading the Holy Qur’an correctly had a positive impact on reading English because there were some common denominators between the contents of these two subjects. At the end of the paper, the researcher presented some recommendations as an attempt to make use of the rules taught in Tajweed since they have benefits in English language reading skill.

This study aimed to identify the challenges faced by special education teachers regarding sex education and to examine the extent to which sex education programs are implemented in schools for students with mild intellectual disabilities from the perspective of special education teachers in East Jerusalem. Methodology: The study employed a descriptive-analytical approach through interviews with a purposive sample of six special education teachers in East Jerusalem. Results: The findings revealed several challenges, primarily the lack of adequate training for teachers. Additionally, the nature of the students, their type of disability, and their sexual behavioral issues. Cultural factors also played a role. The results further highlighted the importance of incorporating religious aspects into sex education. Conclusions: The study emphasized the challenges hindering the implementation of sex education programs in special education schools, underscoring the need to enhance teacher training and guidance to ensure proper delivery of the subject. It also highlighted the necessity of developing specialized curricula. Recommendations: The study recommended training special education teachers in sex education, developing tailored curricula that meet students’ needs, and implementing awareness and guidance programs for parents on the importance of sex education.

This study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of reusing agricultural wastewater in irrigating crops by examining its effect on the growth and productivity of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum). This evaluation was carried out by irrigating with different concentrations by mixing irrigation water with agricultural wastewater in the following ratios (100% irrigation water (control), 25% wastewater + 75% irrigation water, 50% wastewater + 50% irrigation water, 75% wastewater + 25% irrigation water, and 100% wastewater). Growth indicators for the vegetative biomass and productivity were measured, as well as the sodium and potassium content in the plants, in addition to some soil properties used as indicators of salinity effects on the soil, such as electrical conductivity, pH, and the sodium and potassium content in the soil. The results showed that wastewater contained high levels of sodium and potassium salts compared to irrigation water, with conductivity in wastewater reaching 6.11 dS/m, and the high concentrations of wastewater caused an increase in soil conductivity. The results of this study indicate the effect of irrigation water concentration on soil sodium content, where the lowest sodium content in the soil was observed with the control irrigation and a mixing rate of 25%, While the highest values were recorded at irrigation with concentrations of agricultural wastewater (50%, 75%, and 100%), this gives an advantage here for mixing at a rate of 25% (25% wastewater + 75% normal irrigation water). The effect of wastewater on the height of fenugreek plants was observed, where the highest height was at the control treatment and the lowest height at the 100% concentration. The effect of wastewater did not appear until the sixth week, which indicates an increase in salt accumulation in the plant over time. Regarding seed yield, the best yield for the fenugreek crop was at a concentration of 50%, reinforcing the hypothesis that wastewater can be utilized in developing this crop and alleviating pressure on groundwater.

The research involves the study of literary art coalescing with other arts to form a section of Arabic literature called Arabic prose, which is the art of the story, which specialized researchers have been rooting and identifying and diving into its depths, and then distinguish it from other arts, so it had its rules, pillars, goals and differences between one people and another nation and another, and this art is as old as humans and their appearance in this life, so the first story of humans in this life is the story of Cain and Abel, the sons of Adam, peace be upon him, Then the stories abounded and developed with the abundance of humans and their spread in the earth, and their goals and objectives varied from one era to another until it became an art that is studied and sits and has its origins and classifications, until Islam came and the Holy Quran descended on our Prophet Muhammad, may God bless him and grant him peace, and many stories and news about previous nations, occult and the end of time were mentioned, with different controls, solid construction, lofty goals and different goals, which scholars did not know in the usual stories, and no wonder that they are proof of the divinity of the source and proof For the sincerity of the call and the elevation and manifestation of humanity. I have mentioned all this in the folds of the research, and the differences between the story as a literary prose art known by specialists, and the Quranic stories that Al-Bari told us in the highest, with different components, features, characteristics, goals and objectives for each, in addition to mentioning the problem of research, its objectives, methodology, keywords and some previous studies, and in the consequence enough.

The aim of this study was to explore the degree of implementation of strategic leadership practices in universities located in northern Syria. The study adopted a descriptive analytical approach, which is considered the most suitable for analyzing the impact of strategic leadership using quantitative data. The study population consisted of administrative and academic staff in the universities, while the sample included 70 individuals selected randomly, with a questionnaire employed as a data collection tool.

The results indicated that the degree of implementation of strategic leadership practices in northern Syrian universities was high, suggesting that the academic and administrative staff are aware of the importance of these practices in enhancing institutional performance. The study also found statistically significant differences in the mean responses of the sample, favoring administrators, individuals with higher qualifications, and those with more than 10 years of experience, reflecting the impact of experience and educational level on leadership effectiveness. Meanwhile, the results did not show statistically significant differences based on gender, indicating that this variable does not affect strategic leadership practices.

Based on these findings, the study recommended enhancing training programs to develop strategic leadership skills, targeting the development of leadership competencies for both administrators and faculty members, along with promoting gender equality in administrative and academic aspects. Additionally, it emphasized the importance of involving graduate degree holders in leadership committees and strengthening partnerships with international entities for knowledge exchange.

په دې علمی تحقیقی مقاله کې دا اساسی پوښتنې چې ټولنیزه مقاله له ټولنې سره څه اړیکه لري او همدا راز دټولنې په سمون کې څه رول لوبوي، ځواب شوې دي. دامنو چې انسان ټولنیز ژوند خوښوي بلکه دبشري ټولنې درامنځته کېدو لامل هم همدادی چې انسانان یو له بل سره ګډ ژوند وکړي،  مګر اړینه ده چې انسانان یو له بل سره دیو بدن دغړو په څېرله کینې او کرکې پرته ژوند وکړي،  همدارنګه ټولنه له غربت،  خواشینۍ،  ظلم،  ګډودۍ او بالآخره ټولو بدبختیو څخه وژغورل شي،  ځکه چې دبشري ټولنې دنېکبختۍ راز په همدې کې نغښتی دی،  نو ټولنیزه مقاله همدا ټولنیزې ستونزې تر بحث لاندې نیسي اومناسب حل ورته پیداکوي،  ټولنیزې ستونزې په ټوله نړۍ کې شتون لري البته په هره ټولنه کې یې اندازه او نوعیت توپیر کوي، دټولنیزې مقالې ارزښت او اهمیت په دې کې دی چې دټولنې دوګړو له ژوند سره ټینګه اړیکه لري.

The current research aimed to identify the role of psychological counseling in enhancing psychological support for students from broken families, and to identify the challenges in providing psychological counseling in schools for students from broken families in the Atmeh and Qah camps in Idlib, from their perspectives. The significance of differences between the average scores of sample members on the questionnaire axes was determined according to the variables (gender, grade level, and parental status). A descriptive-analytical approach was used, and a questionnaire consisting of (14) items distributed over two axes was administered to a sample of (100) male and female students from broken families in the Atmeh and Qah camp in Idlib Governorate, Syrian Arab Republic, aged between (15-18) years. The results showed:

• From their perspective, the role of psychological counseling in enhancing psychological support for students from broken families in the Atmeh and Qah camps in Idlib was high.
• From their perspective, the challenges in providing psychological counseling in schools for students from broken families in the Atmeh and Qah camps in Idlib were moderate.
• There were no statistically significant differences between the sample members’ average scores on the questionnaire’s axes (the role of psychological counseling in enhancing psychological support, challenges in providing psychological counseling in schools) based on gender. However, the differences were statistically significant based on the grade variable, in favor of (third secondary grade), and based on the parental status variable, in favor of (death).

Based on the findings, the study recommends strengthening psychological support programs for students from broken families and expanding counseling services to include more vulnerable groups. It also emphasizes the need for specialized training for counselors and the provision of individualized support. Moreover, the study highlights the importance of regularly evaluating these programs to enhance their effectiveness. Future research is suggested to examine the impact of parental loss, educational stage, and gender on students’ perception of psychological support.

This study addresses the concept of power deviation in educational institutions, examining its dimensions, influencing factors, and its effects on academic performance and the school environment. It was identified that power deviation negatively impacts student motivation and active participation, contributing to the creation of an unhealthy educational atmosphere. The study highlights the importance of organizational culture and leadership styles in shaping individual behavior, where participative leadership reduces power deviation and enhances collaboration. The study provides recommendations to enhance transparency, improve accountability systems, and develop organizational culture, along with suggestions for future research aimed at exploring the effects of power deviation in diverse educational contexts. Through these efforts, the study aims to achieve a positive educational environment that supports academic performance and fosters positive relationships among individuals.

This study examines the jurisprudential (fiqh) classification of funds disbursed after the death of a participant in family takaful contracts, addressing whether such funds constitute an inheritance estate subject to inheritance laws (mīrāth), or a conditional gift (hibah mashrūṭah) or cooperative grant excluded from the estate. It focuses on the permissibility of designating a specific heir as a beneficiary in light of the legal maxim: “No bequest to an heir” (lā waṣiyya li-wārith).

The research adopts a comparative analytical methodology rooted in juristic principles (ta’ṣīlī), combining:

An inductive survey of classical and contemporary juristic (uṣūlī) texts,

An analysis of modern contractual models in takaful,

An evaluation of international practices,

And actionable procedural recommendations for Islamic insurance companies and windows.

The study concludes that funds from the donation pool (ṣundūq al-tabarruʿāt) do not form part of the estate and may be allocated to heirs, whereas savings account funds (ḥisāb al-iḥtikār) are considered part of the estate; thus, designating an heir as a beneficiary is impermissible without unanimous consent (ijāzah), unless reclassified as a conditional gift contingent on the participant’s death with constructive possession (qabḍ ḥukmī). The research proposes documentary and regulatory solutions, drawing on models from Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, and other jurisdictions.

This study aimed to analyze the relationship between inflation and unemployment rates and their impact on the Libyan economy during the period from 1990 to 2023, as well as to determine the direction of this relationship in both the short and long term. The study relied on quantitative econometric analysis using the E-Views software. The findings revealed a cointegrated relationship between inflation and unemployment in both the short and long run. It was shown that changes in unemployment growth have a statistically significant effect on its future behavior at the 5% significance level, while the effect of the inflation rate on unemployment growth in the short run was found to be statistically insignificant at the same level. The results also confirmed that the model is free from econometric problems. Furthermore, the stability test indicated that the error correction term lies within the critical bounds at the 5% significance level. The study recommends the development of future economic models that can rely on observable unemployment data for more accurate estimation. It also highlights the need for further research to explore the relationship between implicit (hidden) unemployment and inflation by incorporating variables such as GDP growth rate, inflation, and government spending, rather than relying solely on current unemployment data.

This research deals with the subject of the law suit of violation of constitutional rights in sudan.This research aims to identify the concept of rights and freedoms ,their types ,and how they were organized in successive Sudanese constitions, the concept of the law suit of violation of constitutional rights and its procedures in Sudanese legislation. The research problem was represented in a main question ؟How was the law suit of violation of constitutional rights organized in Sudan? The researcher used the descriptive and analytical approach in this research. Among the results that the researcher reached is that the law suit of violation of constitutional rights is directed at all actions issued by the public authorities in the state, and the infringement of any of the rights and freedoms stipulated in the constitution and the law falls within the scope of this lawsuit. Among the recommendations that the researcher recommends is the necessity of working to from a constitutional court in Sudan as soon as possible to ensure constitutional oversight and the protection of rights and freedoms. 

This study explores the role of technology in improving the quality of education by analyzing the opportunities and challenges associated with the use of modern technologies in education. The study aimed to analyze the impact of technology on educational quality, identify the opportunities it provides for enhancing the educational process, and explore the challenges that may arise when integrating these technologies. It also sought to provide recommendations to enhance the use of technology in education. The study relied on a theoretical analytical approach, reviewing literature and previous studies related to the subject. The results showed that technology contributes to improving educational quality by enhancing interaction between students and teachers and providing interactive learning environments. However, the study revealed challenges such as weak infrastructure, lack of teacher training, and absence of supporting policies. Key recommendations include increasing investment in digital infrastructure, providing continuous training programs for teachers, and establishing clear policies for integrating technology into education.

This article titled “Arabic Grammatical Authorship Between Educational Background And Reformist Motivation; Examples From Th Introduction Of Some Grammatical Work”, is founded on the firm belief that awareness of the value of knowledge is a vital condition for the prosevity and advancement of societies it is an essential factor in preseving their identity and strengthening their resilience, Accordingly, through this artical, we aim to demonstrate the prevalence of this educational and reformative backround with the intellectual framework embraced by arab grammarians – one that servives the interests of the notion and society, enabling them to take charge of their present and future and manage the effairs of individuels and institution. 

This is archieved by urging learnens to pursue beneficial knowledge in a way that contributes to raising awareness about the current state of affairs and exploring possibilities and outcomes, undoubtedly substantiating the presence of this educational and reform – oriented background, and provring its recurrence, as well as addressing the question of the extent of its inffuence on grammatical authorship, requires a thorough ivestigation of the statements of early experts in the field, it also demands an examination of theis explicit or inplicit remarkes on the subject, achieving this goal necessitetes a historical iductive and analytical approach that remains open to verious interpretuve suggestions and theoritical fromework that may help attain the desired objectives.

This research discusses Imam Abu Hanifa’s stance on the laws of previous nations, within the context of the interaction between Islamic law and the laws that preceded it. Abu Hanifa believed that the previous scriptures, such as the Torah and the Gospel, were part of the divine messages sent by Allah to earlier nations for their guidance. With the advent of Islamic law, these laws were abrogated, but this does not imply a complete rejection of all that was in them. Abu Hanifa tended to accept what did not conflict with Islamic law from these laws, particularly in cases related to practical rulings such as worship, transactions, and some criminal matters. The research shows how Imam Abu Hanifa recognized the importance of these laws as part of divine legislation, while also requiring that the rulings of the previous laws align with the principles of Islamic law. This position reflects the jurisprudential flexibility that characterized Abu Hanifa, as he considered that the rulings of previous laws could be beneficial in certain contexts if they aligned with the higher objectives of Islamic Shari’ah. The research also discusses the differences between. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes that Abu Hanifa’s stance was based on balancing respect for the previous laws while affirming that Islamic law is the complete and final guidance to be followed.

This article addresses the research questions posed in this study, which aim to explore Professor Alaft’s literary style, as well as his political and social perspectives. Through the study, we confirmed that his writing style is grounded in eloquent expression through accessible vocabulary, avoiding complexity, artificiality, exaggeration, and foreign terminology—except for Arabic, as the Pashto language critically relies on Arabic and cannot dispense with it under any circumstances. His style is further marked by profound emotion, coupled with a distinctive ability to vividly depict and embody meanings and ideas.

Regarding subject matter, Alaft consistently focuses on social issues such as poverty, injustice, bribery, the promotion of child upbringing, social solidarity, and the challenges faced by women in Afghan society. These challenges, he argues, stem from blind adherence to traditional practices, struggles for freedom, resistance against social disparities, and unhealthy customs. Within his social critiques, he also subtly addresses political themes, critiquing governmental bodies and officials in a manner that upholds literary decorum. Furthermore, he frames his arguments through a religious lens, emphasizing piety before God Almighty and sincere devotion in worship, underscoring the significance of these themes.

The aim of this study was to identify the pros and cons of using social media among students at Abu Dis University in Jerusalem and to examine the impact of relevant independent variables on social media use. To achieve this goal, a random sample of 550 undergraduate students was taken. The questionnaire was distributed in the form of a questionnaire whose sections reflected the use of social media in the academic, cultural, and social fields. The questionnaire also included semi-open questions asking the student for personal information.

The results were analyzed using a descriptive criterion, calculating averages and percentages. The analytical approach was again conducted using a two-sample, independent, and standardized test, and a one-way analysis of variance. The most important results of the study were as follows:

1. Abu Dis University students’ use of social media sites in the social and cultural sphere was higher (M-3.04) with a statistically significant difference (P<.000) than Abu Dis University students’ use of social media sites in the academic sphere (M-2.988).

2. Abu Dis University students’ use of social media sites in the social sphere was higher (M-3.04) with a statistically significant difference (P<.000) than their use of social media sites in the academic sphere (M-2.988).

3. All relevant independent variables studied had an impact on students’ use of social media sites at both universities, with a statistically significant difference (P<.01). These results can be summarized as follows:

Females use social media sites more than males, and students in the humanities and medical colleges use social media more than students in other colleges and first-year students. Third and fourth year students were at a higher level than the first and second year students. The results were presented in discussions and recommendations for future studies.

The study aimed to demonstrate the role of audit committees in reducing accounting manipulation practices that exploit accounting flexibility and the multiplicity of accounting alternatives, methods, and policies, and to determine the extent of the impact of these practices on the principle of accounting disclosure. A questionnaire was also used to collect primary data related to the study topic, as it is a tool suitable for the descriptive and analytical approach followed in this study. A random sample was used, so that each element of the study community had the opportunity to be included in the study sample. The sample was then analyzed using the statistical program (SPSS), and appropriate statistical tests and treatments were used to arrive at meaningful results that support the study topic. These included frequency distributions, weighted arithmetic mean, standard deviation, calculation of frequencies, and percentages of the personal characteristics of the study sample, simple regression analysis, multiple regression analysis, and path analysis (Baron and Kenny) to test the mediation of the mediating variable (accounting disclosure) and to determine the effect of its interaction with the independent variable (the role of audit committees) on the dependent variable (accounting creativity methods). (32) two-way Thirty questionnaires were obtained from the study community, which numbered (134) one hundred and thirty-four auditing offices accredited by the Libyan Syndicate of Auditors. The study reached a set of results, the most important of which are: The opinions of the study sample agreed that audit committees contribute to evaluating the effectiveness of risk management in the company. The members of the audit committees do not have any relationships or interests with the company. The practice of creative accounting can contribute to increasing transparency in financial reports. Creative accounting can enhance the company’s ability to acquire new investment opportunities. Companies disclose their non-financial data, such as social and environmental performance, in addition to the accounting data in the financial statements. The lack of professional experience required by those practicing the accounting profession hinders the accounting disclosure process. Based on these findings, a number of recommendations were formulated, the most important of which are: the need for audit committees to ensure that companies are keeping up with developments in the accounting principles and standards applied and issued by professional bodies; that audit committees contribute to defining the responsibilities of the internal auditor; that the use of creative accounting methods enhances a company’s ability to adapt to changing financial laws and regulations; creative accounting practices may help improve a company’s financial performance; the need for laws that require companies to disclose their financial statements adequately; and the need to disclose obligations or restrictions on certain assets such as mortgages, guarantees, and leases.

This study aims to clarify the extent of compatibility of accounting education outcomes with labor market requirements from the perspective of graduating students from the period 2020 to 2024 and to demonstrate the quality of accounting education in education to obtain outcomes that are compatible with the requirements of the Libyan labor market. To achieve the objectives of this study، the descriptive analytical approach was relied upon. A questionnaire was distributed to the study sample، numbering 90 questionnaires. A number of 71 valid questionnaires were retrieved for analysis. The SPSS statistical program was used to analyze the data and test the hypotheses. The study concluded that there is a mismatch between accounting education outcomes and labor market requirements in terms of the lack of proficiency of the English language by most graduates. They are also unfamiliar with some of the laws related to the field of accounting، and there are shortcomings in the teaching method، which relies on indoctrinating students rather than fostering their creativity. This is in addition to the lack of modern teaching methods for accounting programs. There are also no programs to develop the skills of faculty members using modern accounting education methods. Furthermore، there are some shortcomings in the accounting education curricula to provide graduate students with the requirements of the labor market، as well as a lack of cooperation between the accounting department and labor market institutions. This study recommended developing accounting curricula to provide graduates with greater knowledge of the English language، professional ethics، and laws and regulations related to the accounting profession. It also calls for increased focus on modern methods، such as the use of computing in accounting and familiarization with electronic accounting applications. This is in addition to collaborative work between the accounting department and the labor market to achieve the desired outcomes

Most developed countries consider electronic payment cards to be one of the modern ways in which individuals deal. It achieves speed in performing their transactions instead of traditional payment methods that require a long time in settling transactions. This makes traditional payment methods disappear in front of modern payment methods that have become the opinion about the possibility of replacing traditional methods. This study aims to determine the role of electronic payment methods in addressing the liquidity crisis and its impact on local consumption in the commercial market of southern Libya, especially in Wadi al-Shati. This crisis that the country has witnessed, especially recently, as withdrawing money has become an obsession among citizens, has examined the reality of electronic payment operations in Libya. This study relied on the descriptive and analytical approach to reach the specific objectives of the study. This approach was built on combining the theoretical study based on secondary sources from previous books and studies, and the applied (field) study based on primary data based on collecting information about the electronic payment methods used in the banks. The study found that statistically significant differences which is regarding to the existence of an acceptable level of use of electronic payment methods, as well as the contribution of electronic payment methods in facilitating financial transaction procedures, in addition to the contribution of electronic payment methods in alleviating the liquidity crisis, stimulating local consumption, and moving the wheel of the commercial market. The study also recommends the need for the sample banks to address the problems facing customers and employees when dealing with electronic cards, such as a shortage in the number of dispensers and stores that use electronic payment because of its impact on local consumption in the commercial market in southern Libya.

Moğol toplumunda, kabile sistemi hakim sosyal yapıyı oluşturmaktaydı. Moğol tarihinin kökenleri hakkındaki bilgilerimiz sınırlı olup, mevcut kaynaklar arasında tutarsızlıklar bulunmaktadır. Bazı kaynaklar Moğolların Türk kabilelerinden, bazıları ise Rus kökenlerinden geldiğini iddia etmektedir. Moğol kabileleri arasındaki çatışmalar ve iç karışıklıklar, onlar hakkında detaylı bilgilerin yayılmasını engellemiştir. Arap kaynakları da Moğol kabilelerinden ancak Arap coğrafyasını işgal ettikleri dönemde bahsetmiş ve sıklıkla onları Tatarlarla karıştırmıştır. Bu durum, Moğol ordusunun savaşlarda uyguladığı acımasız taktikler (katliam, yakıp yıkma vb.) ve insanlıktan uzak görüntüleriyle açıklanabilir. Ancak, acaba Moğol toplumunun gerçekten de hiçbir sosyal düzeni ve ilişkiler ağı yok muydu? Bu şiddet eğilimleri tamamen coğrafi ve çevresel faktörlerin sonucu muydu? Bu bağlamda, tarihin en büyük liderlerinden biri olan Cengiz Han’ın, bu “vahşi” kabileleri dünyanın en güçlü imparatorluklarından birine dönüştürmesi ve imparatorluğun genişlemesiyle birlikte birçok yasa ve düzenleme yaparak Moğol toplumunun yapısını değiştirmesi dikkate değer bir noktadır.

This research aims to clarify the complementary relationship between ethical values and the objectives (maqāṣid) of Islamic Sharia, affirming that Sharia was revealed to achieve both the material and spiritual interests of human beings, foremost among them being the refinement of character and the reform of individual and social behavior. The research problem lies in determining whether ethics is considered an independent objective within Sharia and to what extent it is integrated into the structure of maqāṣid. The researchers adopted an inductive-analytical approach, by tracing relevant textual evidence from the Qur’an, Sunnah, and classical works on maqāṣid, and analyzing their implications for ethical values. The study concludes that ethics is an essential objective of Islamic law, not merely a secondary outcome, and that both general and specific maqāṣid—such as justice, mercy, zakat, and transactions—are grounded in explicit moral goals. The research further recommends developing Sharia curricula to integrate ethics as a foundational aspect of maqāṣid studies and encourages ethical-based jurisprudential reasoning in response to contemporary realities. Thus, it becomes evident that Islamic Sharia is a comprehensive system that combines legislation and morality, aiming to build a righteous individual and an upright society through a maqāṣid-based framework rooted in high moral values.

This study aims to evaluate the relationship between hypertension and diabetes with an increased risk of early kidney function impairment, as well as to assess the performance of the albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) as a diagnostic criterion in this patient group. Methods: The study included 108 participants (males and females) aged between 30 and 80 years. Participants were divided into groups based on their health conditions: hypertensive patients, diabetic patients, those with both conditions, and a control group. Mean and standard deviation (mean ± SD) were calculated, along with the predictive ability of the ACR test. Results: The analyses revealed significant differences in several health parameters, with notable increases in blood sugar levels, HbA1C, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the diabetes and hypertension groups compared to the control group, with strong statistical significance (P<0.001). Additionally, a significant increase in the albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) was observed, indicating potential deterioration in kidney function. The study also identified important positive and negative correlations between ACR and factors such as age, body mass index (BMI), and kidney function. The ACR test’s ability to detect kidney impairment was evaluated, demonstrating good predictive capability with a cutoff value of > 27.59, resulting in an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.916, with a sensitivity of 92.31%, specificity of 80%, and accuracy of 85.71%. Conclusion: The ACR test demonstrated excellent performance as a diagnostic tool, highlighting the necessity for its utilization as part of a comprehensive screening strategy.

This research addresses the concept of Qiyās (analogical reasoning) and its impact on Islamic jurisprudence. As one of the four principal sources of Islamic law—following the Qur’an, Sunnah, and consensus (ijmā‘)—Qiyās plays a pivotal role in deriving legal rulings when explicit texts are absent. The study explores the linguistic and technical definitions of Qiyās, its legitimacy, scholarly debates surrounding its application, and its significance in contemporary fatwa issuance. It also highlights examples of Qiyās in classical and modern jurisprudence, emphasizing the necessity of correct methodology to ensure sound legal outcomes in ever-evolving contexts.