مَنهَجُ القرآن في فقهِ الْمَال: الدَّخل وَالإِنْفَاق فِي الْمَرحَلَة الْمَكَّية

الْأَمْوَالُ تَعْتَبِرُ رَكيزَة أَسَاسِيَّة فِي تَأْسِيسِ الدُّوَلِ وبنائها، وَعَلَيْهَا تَقُومُ اِقْتِصَادِيَّاتُ الدُّوَلِ مِنْ بُنَى تَحْتِيَّةٍ وَمَصَارِفٍ وَمُدَارِسٍ وَجَامِعَاتٍ وَصِنَاعَاتٍ وَمَرَاكِزِ تِجَارِيَّةِ وَتَطَوُّرَاتٍ عُمْرَانِيَّةٍ وَتِكْنُولُوجِيَّةٍ، لِذَلِكَ أوْلَى النَّبِيِّ مُحَمَّد ﷺ أَهَمِّيَّةً لِلْأَمْوَالِ عِنْدَ بِنَاءِ الدَّوْلَةِ الْإِسْلَامِيَّةِ مِنْ حَيْثُ مَصْدَرِهَا وَمَصَارِفِ إِنْفَاقِهَا وَفقَاً لِلْقُرْآنِ الْكَرِيمِ، وَبِذَلِكَ أَسَّسَ النَّبِيُّ مُحَمَّد ﷺ النِّظامَ الْمَالِيَّ فِي الْإِسْلَامِ وَفْقَ مَا أُوحِي إِلَيْهِ مِنْ رَبِّهِ لِيَكَونَ هَذَا النِّظَام الْمَالِيّ الْأفْضَل والأعدَل عَبْرَ تَارِيخِ الْأُمَمِ، وَتَطَوَّرَ هَذَا النِّظامُ الْمَالِيُّ مَعَ تَطَوُّرِ الدَّوْلَةِ الْإِسْلَامِيَّةِ وَبَقِّيَّ عَلَى مَنْهَجِ الْقُرْآنِ وَسُنَّةِ النَّبِيِّ مُحَمَّد ﷺ، وَكَانَتْ مَصَادِر الْمَالِ عَلَى عَهْدِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ مِنَ الصَّدَقَاتِ وَالزَّكَاةِ وَالْغَنِيمَةِ وَالْخَرَاجِ وَالْجِزْيَةِ وَالْوَقْفِ وَالرِّكَازِ وَغَيْرِهَا مِمَّا شَرَعَ اللهُ فِي الْقُرْآنِ الْكَرِيمِ، وَكَانَت تُنْفَقُ هَذِهِ الْأَمْوَال وفْقَ مَا حَدَّدَ الْقُرْآنُ لِكُلٍّ مِنْهَا مَصَارِفَ إِنْفَاقِهِ، حَيْثُ كَانَت تُنْفَقُ عَلَى الْفُقَرَاءِ وَالْمَسَاكِينِ وَفِي الرِّقَابِ وَالْمُؤَلِّفَةِ قَلُوبِهِمْ وَالْعَامِلِينَ عَلَيْهَا وَاِبْنَ السَّبِيلِ وَفِي سَبِيلِ اللهِ وَتَجْهِيزِ الْجُيوشِ وَغَيْرِهَا مِمَّا شَرَعَ اللهُ فِي قُرْآنِهِ الْمَجِيدِ.

Money is considered a fundamental pillar in establishing and building countries. The economies of countries are based on it, including infrastructure, banks, schools, universities, industries, commercial centers, and urban and technological developments. Therefore, the Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him, gave importance to money when building the Islamic state, in terms of its source. And its expenditures are in accordance with the Noble Qur’an. Thus, the Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him, established the financial system in Islam in accordance with what was revealed to him from his Lord, so that this financial system would be the best and most just throughout the history of nations. This financial system developed with the development of the Islamic state, and remained based on the approach of the Qur’an and the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him. The sources of wealth during the time of the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, were from charity, zakat, spoils of war, land tax, jizya, endowments, treasure, and other things that God has legislated in the Noble Qur’an. These funds were spent in accordance with the ways in which the Qur’an specified each of them, such as on the poor and needy, on freeing slaves, and on bringing about reconciliation. Their hearts, those who work on it, the wayfarer, in the way of God, equipping armies, and other things that God has legislated in His Glorious Qur’an.